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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Civilizations in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe . The Basics . The Word Byzantine Suggests the distinction from Rome itself Political heir to Rome but still its own thing Constantinople. Constantinople . Constantine names capital after himself

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Civilizations in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe

  2. The Basics • The Word Byzantine • Suggests the distinction from Rome itself • Political heir to Rome but still its own thing • Constantinople

  3. Constantinople • Constantine names capital after himself • moves capital there 340 CE • 1453 falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul • Major event in WH and the impact with be resounding • Song • One of the most important cities at the time • Located on a trading route

  4. Meet Justinian

  5. Justinian (527-565 CE) • The “sleepless emperor” • Wife Theodora as advisor • Background: circus performer • Uses army to contain tax riots, ambitious • construction program • Hagia Sophia • Law Code • Codification of Roman Law • Body of Civil Law: made Roman law coherent basis for political and economic life

  6. Meet Theodora

  7. Hagia Sophia • First built by Constantine • Rebuilt by Justinian • The greatest surviving example of Byzantine Architecture • It is an example of Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Islam • It was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch

  8. Byzantine Conquests • General Belisarius recaptures much of western • Roman Empire under Justinian • Unable to consolidate control of territories • Withdrew to defend empire from Sassanids, Slavs

  9. The Byzantine empire and its neighbors 527-554 C.E.

  10. The Byzantine empire and its neighbors about 1100 C.E.

  11. Islam and Arab Pressure • Constant vigilance against Muslim Invaders • The Byzantine Empire had to focus on protecting the borders • This pressure from the Muslim world is going to be one of the issues that brings about the split between east and west

  12. The Eastern Schism

  13. Split • In 1054 a longstanding disagreement came to a head, and the Christian church split into two groups. • The Western or Roman Catholic, and Eastern or Orthodox Catholic. • The Byzantine Empire goes into slow decline

  14. Disagreements • Papal attempts to interfere over icons • Charlemagne claims to be Roman Emperor • Rituals in Latin not Greek • Pope as first bishop • Religious art • Celibacy for priests

  15. Eastern Orthodox • Requires services to be in Greek • Patriarch and bishops were head of the church • The emperor was above the patriarch • Believed in a different interpretation of the Bible • Eastern Orthodox missionaries spread northward into Russia and the Balkans

  16. Cyrillic • Cyril and Methodius are the two most famous of the missionaries. • Slavic language/alphabet derived from Greek letters • Allowed for literature to be spread • HOW?

  17. Icons • Images of religious figures venerated by byzantine Christians • Iconoclasm • The breaking of images • Religious controversy of the 8th century • Byzantine emperors attempted but failed to suppress icon veneration • Believed it was the worship of idols

  18. Decline • 1071 Byzantine defeat in Asia • 1204 Constantinople sacked by Crusaders • 1453 Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks

  19. Very Similar to China • The Byzantine political system had remarkable similarities to China. • The emperor was held to be ordained of God. • He was head of the church as well as state. • Women could and did serve as emperor. • They had an elaborate bureaucracy to administer the government.

  20. Kievan Russia

  21. Who were the Slavs? • People who migrated from Asia • Mix with earlier populations • Family tribes, villages • Trade • with Byzantines • Trade with Northerners

  22. Scandinavian merchants • Vikings • During the 6th and 7th centuries moved into the region • c. 855, monarchy under Rurik (Danish) • Center at Kiev • Prosperous commercial center

  23. Meet Vladimir I (980-1015) Converts to Orthodoxy due to contact with Byzantium Controls church

  24. Meet Yaroslav I • Issued a unifying code of laws, while not as advanced as Constantinople it still had nobles called Boyars. • Boyars: Russian landholding aristocrats • Possessed less political power than their western European counterparts (feudalism)

  25. The Tarters • The Russian name for the Mongols. The Invasion of Russia by the Mongols and the destruction of Constantinople by Muslims, isolated Russia. • The region was cut off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication.

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