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World History: The Earth and its Peoples

World History: The Earth and its Peoples. Chapter 5 An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China 753 B.C.E. - 330 C.E. Objectives. Explain how the Roman and Han Empires came into being. Be able to describe the sources of their stability or instability.

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World History: The Earth and its Peoples

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  1. World History:The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 5 An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China 753 B.C.E. - 330 C.E.

  2. Objectives • Explain how the Roman and Han Empires came into being. • Be able to describe the sources of their stability or instability. • Discuss the benefits and liabilities that these empires bring to the rulers and their subjects

  3. Rome and Han China Common Characteristics • largest empires world had seen • greater central control than earlier empires • greater cultural impact • remarkable stability

  4. Rome’s Mediterranean Empire Crossroads • Italian peninsula • Europe and Africa Natural Resources • ample, arable land • volcanic soil • timber and minerals • navigable rivers Support of a large population

  5. A Republic of Farmers Inhabitation by 1000 BCE • Romulus 753 BCE • Seven Hills • original Latins • Etruscans immigrants 700 BCE • Economy • agriculture and land • Politics • “Council of Elders” • seven kings of Rome • 753 - 507 BCE

  6. A Republic of Farmers • Roman Republic - 507-31 BCE • ruled by assemblies of wealthy male citizens • Roman Senate • real center of power; made laws • served for life • consuls Society • multi-generational family • paterfamilias • oldest-living male • hierarchical • patron/client relationship • mutual benefits and obligations

  7. A Republic of Farmers Women • child in eyes of the law • more freedom than Greeks • influence over husbands / son Religion • polytheistic • numina - invisible shapeless forces controlling nature • pax deorum • peace with the gods • diffusion with Greek gods

  8. Roman Expansion Early Roman Republic - 500 BC • Rome as ‘city-state’ • aggression or self-defense? • friction • pastoral tribes / agriculturalists • Romans serves as ‘protectors’ • Roman loyalty - 290 BCE • privileges of citizenship to conquered • military service • Carthage Wars - 264-202 BC • control of western Mediterranean Sea

  9. Punic Wars: Rome - Carthage

  10. Roman Expansion Eastern Mediterranean • Hellenistic (200-30 BCE) • Egypt and Greece Interior • Gaul (59-51 BCE) • Celts • Gaius Julius Caesar Administration • considerable autonomy to cooperative local elites • provincial governor from Senate • inadequate and corrupt Caesar

  11. Caesar’s Empire

  12. The Failure of the Republic Forces • military service for farmers • decline of independent farms • unemployment • decline in soldiers • mercenaries • war wealth of upper classes • rise in latifundia; cash crops • slave labor • loss of food supply • Civil War - 88 BCE - 31 BCE • allegiance to generals, not state

  13. The Failure of the Republic Octavian - 63 - 14 BCE • ends civil wars by 31 BCE • military dictator • offensive to defensive • Augustus • Roman Principate • “first among equals” • equites • wealthy merchants / landowners • civil service • Good Emperors • line of succession

  14. An Urban Empire Pax Romana • “Roman peace” • safety and stability Importance of trade • support for emperor & govt • rich interior provinces • Gaul and Egypt Romanization • spread of Latin language / Roman ways • citizenship • Before 212 CE: military service • After 212 CE: all free males

  15. Rome: 14 - 117 C.E.

  16. The Rise of Christianity Judea • Jewish homeland • Roman control by 6 CE • Jesus • personal faith and spirituality • Paul - (45 - 58 C.E.) • Jesus as Messiah (“anointed one” • benefits of citizenship to preach Disloyalty to Rome • refusal to worship emperor

  17. Spread of Christianity

  18. Roman Technology Aqueducts • road system • water conduits using gravity • arches • domes • concrete “Third-century crisis” • 235 - 284 C.E. • frequent change of rulers • coin devaluation • permeable frontiers • loss of trade revenues • exodus from city to country Aqueducts

  19. Roman Transformation Diocletian (284 - 305 C.E.) • government regulation • prices and vocations Constantine (306 - 337 C.E) • reunites entire empire • conversion to Christianity • Rome to Byzantium • Constantinople

  20. Diocletian’s Empire

  21. Origins of Imperial China, 221 BCE - 220 CE Warring-States Period • 1st empire under Qin • Shi Huangdi (221-206 BCE) • Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 CE) Resources • agriculture • free peasant taxes • human labor • public works projects • military service

  22. Hierarchy, Obedience, & Belief Family • all generations; ancestors • Values • Confucianism • obedience and proper conduct • Women • three submissions • parents, husband, son • live with husband’s family • Nature • nature spirits • feng shui

  23. Qin Dynasty Qin- 221 - 206 B.C.E. • Imperial Age • Shi Huangdi • “First Emperor” • totalitarianism • primogeniture • outlawed sole land inheritance • abolished slavery • standardization • coins, law code, writing • roads, canals, walls • unification of civilization

  24. The Long Reign of the Han Han - 206 BCE - 220 CE • replaces Qin • Legalism reform • Confucianism social order • Mandate of Heaven • Chang’an • capital of Early Han • model of urban planning • alignment with gentry • class below aristocrats • efficient and responsive • Confucian guide to government • civil service • Daoism • popular among commoners

  25. Han Dynasty

  26. Technology and Trade Metallurgy • poured versus pounded • Military • crossbow and cavalry • watermill • grindstone • horse collar Trade • silk as leading export Fall of Han • reform failure; corruption • nomad attacks; hungry peasants

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