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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Cells

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Cells. Carbon Compounds. Carbon can form covalent bonds with many other atoms Organic compounds Small, simple carbon compounds – monomers Monomers form polymers Large polymers – macromolecules Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids. Carbohydrates.

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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Cells

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  1. Chapter 2: Chemistry of Cells

  2. Carbon Compounds • Carbon can form covalent bonds with many other atoms • Organic compounds • Small, simple carbon compounds – monomers • Monomers form polymers • Large polymers – macromolecules • Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

  3. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates provide energy • single sugars = monosaccharides • Ex: glucose, fructose • Disaccharides are double sugars • Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose • Polysaccharides are chains of monosaccharides - macromolecules • Ex: Starch Monosaccharide or disaccharide?

  4. Carbohydrates • Organisms use polysaccharides to store energy • Plants – starch, cellulose • Animals - glycogen

  5. Lipids • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that are not soluble in water • Phospholipids, steroids, fats, and waxes • Lipids are important to the structure and function of the cell membrane • Cholesterol is a component of the cell membrane

  6. Fats • Store energy • Structure • Three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule • Fatty acids are long chains of carbons

  7. Saturated fats • Solid at room temperature • Most animal fats: lard, butter, grease YUM!! = +

  8. Unsaturated Fats • Carbon atoms are linked by a “double” covalent bond • Produces a kink • Liquid at room temperature • Plant oils, some fish oils

  9. Protein • Amino acids are building blocks of proteins • Different proteins contain different functional groups • There are 20 different amino acids

  10. Proteins • Proteins play various roles • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions • Catalysts • Ex: Lactase • Collagen – found in skin, ligaments, tendons and bones Collagen Rubber man syndrome

  11. Proteins • Blood clotting fibers • Antibodies • Help defend against infection • Hemoglobin • Blood protein that carries oxygen

  12. Nucleic Acids • DNA – genetic information • RNA – carries DNA code to ribosomes to make proteins • Both contain a sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base • ATP - delivers the energy whenever the energy is needed in the cell

  13. ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate • ATP delivers the energy whenever the energy is needed in the cell • ATP is a nucleotide with two extra phosphate groups • The bonds between the phosphate groups are unstable • When the bond between the middle and outer phosphate group break energy is released

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