Nicholas Cox Founder and Managing Director for 14 years Earthcare Products Ltd.

1. Nicholas Cox Founder and Managing Director for 14 years Earthcare Products Ltd. UK’s only specialist provider of ‘green’ refrigeration equipment, consultancy and expertise. Has developed a range of unique patented green refrigerants.

2. Earthcare Refrigerants • Earthcare has developed and patented a unique range of green refrigerants that: • Improved efficiency by up to 20% • Meet legislative requirements • ozone friendly and low global warming • Improved thermodynamic properties • Good Solubility with Oils • Low toxicity • Reduced flammability • Known material compatibility • Laboratory testing now completed

3. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) approved in 1995 as a replacement for dichlorodifluoromethane (R12).

4. EU F – Gas Directive HFC phase out from MACs commencing 2011

5. HFC Obsolesence 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) has become obsolete in only 16 years!

6. R-1234yf Tetrafluorprop-1-eneThe next generation MAC refrigerant? Flammable! Toxic & Corrosive combustion products!

7. TFA – The Next Global Threat!

8. TFA – Deposition from US MACs

9. TFA – Deposition from EU MACs

10. R-1234yf Tetrafluorprop-1-eneA Red Herring? R-1234yf Tetrafluorprop-1-ene to be obsolete by 2027? (16 years)

11. What Options? Flammable Options: • R436B - R290/R600a (52.0/48.0) • RE170 - DME 3. R510A - RE170/R600a (88.0/12.0) 4. ECP134 Non- flammable Options: 1. R744 Carbon Dioxide 2. ECP744 - R744 / R41 Carbon Dioxide / Fluoromethane

12. Non- flammable Option 1: R744 – Carbon Dioxide • The very high pressure may result in higher leakage levels • The increased mass of aluminium required adds to cost and weight • There is a disproportionate reduction in capacity and efficiency at very high ambient temperatures

13. Non- flammable Option 2: ECP744 • For MAC Car Air Conditioning & Commercial transport refrigeration Equipment

14. Phase Behaviour For ECP744

15. Optimal composition selection of R744 – R41 blend

16. R744 – R41 blend Liquid Vapour Composition data

17. 2.5 R41/R744 (subcritical) 2.0 CO2 air-on = 27°C 1.5 R41/R744 Cooling COP (-) . 1.0 air-on = 39°C 0.5 CO2 0.0 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Gas cooler pressure (kPa) COP Comparison With CO2

18. 4 R41/R744 CO2 3 R41/R744 transcritical Maximum COP (-) . 2 (R41/R744) air conditioning (Tair = +15°C) CO2 1 refrigeration (Tair transcritical (CO2) = 0°C) 0 10 20 30 40 Condenser/gas cooler air-on temperature (°C) Sub-Critical and Transcritical COP

19. Relative Cooling Capacity of ECP744 Vs CO2

20. Characteristics of ECP744

21. ECP744 versus R744 • √ 16% higher efficiency • √ 20% lower pressure • √ triple point reduced by 64˚c • X GWP increased to ~ 50

22. Benefits • lower pressure = lower equipment cost • lower energy =lower carbon footprint • lower GWP + energy savings = carbon trading

23. Independent Test Results • From the published material available at the time of writing, the claims made appear to be within reasonable accuracy. It is likely that SC744 could save up to 20% as compared to CO2, average savings of around 10% are more likely in the UK. A non-flammable, non-toxic refrigerant is likely to be welcomed in the retail market. Supermarkets need to move on from HFCs and are all investing large sums of money buying into new technologies. As a non toxic, non flammable refrigerant with a low GWP • (compared to HFCs), SC744 has a good chance if it can be presented soon with the refrigeration systems to suit.

24. Market Interest • Tesco: very interested, want to see test results using commercial equipment • Coca Cola: as above • M&S: have offered free use of their test rig • Morrisons have asked their suppliers to evaluate our refrigerants • Further testing planned at the Food Refrigeration and Process Engineering Research Centre, Bristol

25. ECP410A • For Domestic and Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps

26. HFC R410A Replacement Options NPB -51˚c • ECP410A - R1270, R161 (75/25)

27. Bubble Point Pressure, Volumetric Refrigerating Capacity And Temperature Glide

28. Cooling And Heating Capacity

29. Cooling and Heating COP

30. ECP410A Versus R410A Lower pressure Small temp glide (<0.1 K at 0°C) Higher critical point (95°C) compared to R410A (71°C) Normal boiling point (-49°C) similar to R410A (-51°C) Cooling and heating capacity about 20% lower COP is generally 5 – 20% higher than R410A Capacity and COP better at higher heat source temperatures Favourable heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics Considered to be an excellent refrigerant for new air conditioning systems

31. Characteristics Of ECP410A

32. 3rd Party Validation • “Considered to be an excellent refrigerant for new air conditioning systems” – Dr. Daniel Colbourne, Dept. of Mech. Eng. University College London

33. ECP717 • For Industrial Process, Food Blast Freezing, and OTEC Applications

34. Pressure – Composition

35. Normal Boiling Line

36. Relationship between composition and COP

37. Relationship between composition and condensing Temperature

38. Relationship between composition and volumetric refrigerating effect

39. Cycle Performance

40. Characteristics of ECP717

41. ECP717 versus R717 • √ NBP reduced to -52.5˚c • √ single stage compression • √ low toxicity • X not suitable for heat pumps

42. OTEC Applications 20-MW Plant 20 MW • Warm Water Intake • 1.5 Billion gal/day • Combined Discharge • 2.5 Billion gal/day • Cold Water Intake • 1.0 Billion gal/day

43. Comparison = Earthcare’s patented refrigerants

44. Patents

45. Listings of the Earthcare Refrigerant Patents

46. Top Companies Patenting in the Same Area

47. Manufacturing COGS • Synthesis of ECP744 • Methanol (CH3OH) + Hydrofluoric acid (HF)  Fluoromethane (CH3F) + H20 • Carbon Dioxide + Fluoromethane  ECP744 • Methanol = $0.42/kg • Source: Southern Chemical Corporation • http://www.southernchemical.com/wp/sales-marketing/pricing • Would prefer bio-methanol producer (for 100% green manufacturing) • Hydrofluoric acid = $1.23/kg • Source: Industrial Materials • http://www.indmin.com/Article/2451855/Fluorspar-chemical-prices-surge.html • Tallying costs … • Fluoromethane < $1.70/kg to produce • Carbon dioxide (negligible cost) • Fluoromethane + carbon dioxide blended to make ECP744 • We assume manufacturer sells ECP744 to Earthcare at $5/kg and ultimately customer will pay $15/kg

48. Market > $9B/yr

49. Concluding remarks • General characteristics of preferred composition • - Lower pressure that R744 • - Small temp glide (<0.1 K at 0°C) • - Higher critical point (38°C) compared to R744 (31°C) • - Normal boiling point (-84.5°C) similar to R744 (-78.5 °C) • Direct comparison (with TEV adjustments) shows • - Cooling and heating capacity comparable to R744 • COP is generally 10 – 20% higher than R744 • Capacity and COP better at higher ambient temperatures • 3,000 kPa lower operating pressure • An excellent refrigerant for MAC & Supermarket systems • - A non-flammable, non-toxic refrigerant is likely to be welcomed • Market Opportunity! • Earthcare holds patents which could achieve more than a 13% reduction in global warming, by introducing disruptive technologies to the global refrigerant market of over 200 Ktonnes / annum, worth some $8.6 billion USD per annum.

50. Thank you for listening!