Ulf.Olsson.Thn@Telia.com

1. The Development of Aeronautical Science and Technologies KTH 05 04 07 Ulf.Olsson.Thn@Telia.com

2. From Archimedes to Newton 200BC The principle of Archimedes. 500ca Invention of the rocket in China. 1232 Rockets at the battle of Kai-fung-fu. 1700 Reaction principle by Isaac Newton. 1783 First flight in a balloon. 1937 The Hindenburg crash in New Jersey. The most important equation of all times

3. Around 1500 Wan Hu braces himself for lift-off

4. Flapping flight and the power it takes to fly 3 W/kg 1250 Roger Bacon suggests the orthopter. 1490 Leonardo da Vinci sketches flying machines. 1738 The Bernoulli equation and the Smeaton coefficient. 1870 Gustave Trouve´flies 70 m in a flapping machine in France. 2000 Renewed interest in Micro Air vehicles.

5. Can a fly really fly?? 60 W/kg Yes it can, but it takes a lot of power

6. The dwarf and the giants 300 W/kg 100 W/kg 3 W/kg

7. L Flow D Downwash Nature´s great invention • George Cayley discovers the fixed lifting wing. Why did the birds have to develop that?

8. The birds do it better L V mg

9. The flight power curve L/mg=1.5 L/mg=1 Min drag Min power

10. Why are they doing like this?

11. The Law of 2/3 Log S cm2 Australian crane Berkut Herring Gull Vulture Blackheaded Gull Buzzard Kestrel Crow Pigeon Swallow Starling Lark Tit Bumblebee Log m grams

12. Long wings are better for gliding but harder to flap

13. The evolution of the fixed wing aircraft 1799 George Cayley discovers the lifting wing and invents the airplane. 1842 William Henson patents an aerial steam carriage. Proposes airline. 1859 J.J. Etienne Loire and the internal combustion engine. 1871 Francis Wenham builds the first wind tunnell. 1874 Felix du Temple makes the first powered hop. 1896 Samuel Langley flies a large scale model. 1903 The Wright Brothers first manned flight reaches the power of a gull (25 W/kg).

14. Lilienthal stalling Modern aeroplanes

15. The Wrights fighting Langley and the Smeaton coefficient K=??

16. Science enters aeronautics Kutta-Joukowski Ludwig Prandtl Theodor von Karman

17. The golden age of the propeller 1919 Junkers F13 First all metal airliner 1933 Boeing 247 First all metal monoplane airliner 1935 Douglas DC3 Most successful propeller airliner 1938 Boeing 307 Stratoliner First pressurised airliner 1943 Lockheed Constellation First long range airliner Charles Lindbergs Spirit of Saint Louis 1927

18. The propeller meets the sound barrier α Flight speed φ Blade speed

19. The jet engine arrives 1888 The Laval nozzle produces a supersonic jet 1903 Aegidius Elling builds the first successful gas turbine 1930 Frank Whittle patents a jet engine 1935 Adolf Busemann proposes the swept back wing 1937 Hans von Ohains first bench test of a jet engine 1939 Heinkel 178 first jet flight. 1947 Chuck Yeager breaks through the sound barrier Mach 1 1955 F104 Starfighter Mach 2 1962 SR71 Blackbird Mach 3 M>1 M=1 M<1

20. 1930

21. WW2 JUMO 109-004B Picture from the RAF museum at Cosford, Wolverhampton, England

22. 1947 Volvo´s first jet engine

23. The swept back wing Thickness CD Wave drag 0.02 Sweep 0.01 Friction drag Mach 1

24. 1947 With a bang through the sound barrier

25. Running into the heat barrier Mach 20 10 Scram 5 SR71 Jet engine Concorde Jaeger 747 1.0 0.5 Propeller DC3 Wright Year 0.1 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2050

26. The by-pass engine and the revolution in air travel 1948 First turboprop airliner . Vickers Viscount 1949 First jet airliner. de Havilland Comet 1954 Start of Boeing’s dominance of civil market. Boeing 707 1960 GE discloses the bypass engine 1967 Highest selling jet airliner launched. Boeing 737 1969 World’s largest airliner. First widebody. Boeing 747 1970 Airbus formed 1982 First composite primary. Airbus A310 1989 First fly-by-wire airliner. Airbus 320

28. Transportation economy-size or speed? 1969 Concorde-First supersonic airliner 1971 Boeing 2707 program-competitor to Concorde- cancelled 1999 NASA High-Speed Civil Transport program cancelled 2002 Boeing shelves Sonic Cruiser 2003 Concorde taken out of traffic ?

29. The lift-to-drag ratio kills supersonic Flying wing 30 L/D B52 Canard 20 Slewed wing 747 NASA 2000 ATSF 1989 Wave rider 10 NASA 1982 Concorde 1960 Hypersonic 0 5 0 1 2 3 4 Mach

30. The environment as a new limit Ultraviolet radiation and climate change Radiation + 4% 1970-1992 Water H2O Ozon O3 Heating 0.3-0.6 C in the 1900’s Methane CH4 Carbon dioxide CO2

31. Towards hydrogen? H2 CH4 Methane Oil Coal C2H5 Ethanol Wood Source: J. Allen 1998

32. The civil transport of the future Litres/10 km/passenger Source DLR/EC 99 Comet B727-100 B707-120 B737-100 A300 B737-300 DC9-30 B747-400 B747-200 B767 A320 A340-300

36. % Efficiency Trent GE90 PW2037 PW4056 CFM56 PW4083 CF6 TF39 V2500 JT9D RB211 JT3C JT8D Ghost Year Thermodynamic design of a civil jet engine

37. The future civil engine Ducted propfan IRR Intercooler Reheater Regenerator Cooler Geared fan

38. Military engine requirements and design Altitude Afterburner blow out Skin temperature Stall Super cruise Escape Combat 11km Accelerate Structure loads Flutter Min time climb 1.2 2.3 Mach number

39. The importance of the Thrust-to-Weight ratio F/gWe T-O acc g 0.9 F119 F110 EJ200 0.7 F414 F100 M88 F404 RM12 M53 F101 0.5 RM8A RM6 J79 0.3 Dovern 0.1 Year

40. Off Design and Variable Cycles

41. Turbine inlet temperature Inlet pressure recovery Choking turbines Static pressure balance Compressor exit temperature Choking bypass canal Rotational speed The limits of the turbojet engine

42. Turboramjet Efficiency % Throttling down Max TIT Main fuel=0 Design point Ramjet mode Vjet=V Kerosene Mach

43. Fuel Air 15. Ramjets and scramjets Pulsejet<Mach 6 Ramjet<Mach 6 M>1 Scramjet>Mach 6

44. Spaceflight-What velocities? = V 2 gR 11200 m/s to leave earth = V gR 8000 m/s to leave the atmosphere Mach 25

45. 1942 The V2 at Peenemunde

46. Ariane

48. Rocket engines and combinations Ramrocket LACE-Liquid Air Combustion Engine

49. O2 H2 Ramrocket Air H2 Scram Rocket 18. Spaceplanes

50. Flight is a question of power Ariane 20000 W/kg. Gripen 2500 W/kg. Humming bird 300 W/kg. Bee 40 W/kg. Wright Flyer and Gull 25 W/kg. Man 3 W/kg.