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Drugs

Drugs. Chapter 7. Drugs. Hallucinogens – mostly naturally occurring substances that can change normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods. Stimulants – act on the nervous system to make the user feel better and increase his/her energy/alertness. Drugs.

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Drugs

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  1. Drugs Chapter 7

  2. Drugs • Hallucinogens – mostly naturally occurring substances that can change normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods. • Stimulants – act on the nervous system to make the user feel better and increase his/her energy/alertness.

  3. Drugs • Narcotics/analgesics – substances affecting the central nervous system to relieve pain. • Depressants – a drug that reduces excitability and calms a person.

  4. Poisons • Toxicology – the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms.

  5. Poison Effectiveness • The chemical form of the substance (pure arsenic versus arsenic trioxide). • Method of entry (oral versus injection). • Condition of victim (weight, age, general health).

  6. Poison Effectiveness Time period of exposure • chronic exposure – continuing exposure over long periods of time • acute exposure – large dosage at one time

  7. Poison Effectiveness Presence of other chemicals. • synergism – combined effect of substances that exceeds the sum of their individual effects. • antagonism – combined effect of substances that decrease their individual effects.

  8. Counteracting Poisons • Chelating agent – an organic compound that combines with a metal to form a ring compound.

  9. Alcohol • Alcohol is the most abused depressant in the United States. • The chemical name for alcohol is ethanol or ethyl alcohol. • Ethanol, like all alcohols, is toxic. • Ethanol effects the central nervous system. • Alcohol circulates in the blood stream immediately after consumption.

  10. Alcohol and the Law • The law is concerned with the level of blood alcohol content (BAC). • BAC is expressed as a percent weight per volume. • Federal and Kansas BAC limits are both 0.08 percent. • This means that there is 0.08 grams of pure alcohol for every 100 mL of blood.

  11. Alcohol Laws • DUI – driving under the influence • DWI – driving while intoxicated • OUI – operating under the influence • OWI – operating while intoxicated • MIP – minor in possession

  12. Alcohol Processing • The average person removes 0.015 percent per hour. • About 5% of ethanol leaves the body through respiration, perspiration, and urine. • About 90% of alcohol is chemically processed (metabolized) by the liver. • It is changed first to acetaldehyde (a poison). • Then it is changed to acetic acid and finally to carbon dioxide and water.

  13. CH3CH2OH→HCH3COO HCH3COO→CO2 + H2O

  14. Alcohol & the Liver

  15. Calculating BAC

  16. BAC Affects • 0.02 divided attention, slowed reaction time • 0.04 Eye movement control • 0.05 Coordination • 0.06 Judgment • 0.08 Concentrated attention, speed control

  17. Breathalyzer Tests • Henry’s Law - At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid. • According to Henry’s Law the concentration of alcohol in the breath is proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the blood.

  18. The Chemistry of Breathalyzers • An orange dichromate ion is reduced to a green chromium (III) ion. 8H++Cr2O72- +3C2H5OH→ 2Cr3++3C2H4O+7H2O

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