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Isolation & Exploration

Isolation & Exploration. Encouraging Exploration. Renaissance encouraged adventure & curiosity Europeans seek greater wealth Looked for spices & luxury goods Nutmeg Cinnamon Ginger Pepper Add spices to bland food Charged merchants high prices. Encouraging Exploration.

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Isolation & Exploration

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  1. Isolation & Exploration

  2. Encouraging Exploration • Renaissance encouraged adventure & curiosity • Europeans seek greater wealth • Looked for spices & luxury goods • Nutmeg • Cinnamon • Ginger • Pepper • Add spices to bland food • Charged merchants high prices

  3. Encouraging Exploration • Spread of Christianity • Crusades (1096-1270) left hostility between Christians & Muslims • Christians wanted to continue the fight to convert non-Christians • Bartolomeu Dias • Portuguese explorer • “Serve God, His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness…and to grow rich”

  4. Technological Advances • Newly designed ships for longer voyages • Caravel • Triangular sails • Worked against the wind • Astrolabe • Brass ring with marked degrees • Use the ring & stars to mark distances from the equator • Magnetic compass • Invented by the Chinese

  5. Competition for Trade

  6. Portugal Leads the Way • Prince Henry supported trade • Helped conquer north African cities • Saw the wealth that lay beyond Europe • Portugal had trade ports in West Africa • Traded goods for gold and ivory • Portuguese sailors reach Asia (India) • Captain Bartolomeu Dias (1487) sailed to the tip of Africa • Storms blew the ships around the tip • Tried to reach India but supplies were low • 1498 Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut (India) • 27,000 Miles

  7. Spain Competes with Portugal • Spanish were jealous of Portuguese • Christopher Columbus • Believed he could reach India faster by sailing west • Reached the Caribbean islands in October, 1492 • Spain believed they reached India first • Upset Portugal and created competition

  8. Treaty of Tordesillas • Spain & Portugal prepared for war as competition grew • Pope Alexander VI • Met with both nations to calm behaviors • Developed a Line of Demarcation • A line directly down the center of the Atlantic Ocean • All lands west of the line belonged to Spain • All land east of the line belonged to Portugal • The treaty showed agreement to obey the line

  9. New Trading Empires

  10. Trading in the Indian Ocean • Da Gama’s voyage opens sea trading with Asia • Violence erupts • Countries battle for possession of Asian ports • Asian people battle new explorers

  11. Portugal’s Trading Empire • Established circa 1500 • Built relationships throughout the Indian Ocean area • Took control of spices from Muslim merchants • Defeated Muslim & Italian stronghold on Asian trade • Gained control of Spice Islands • Spice-rich lands outside the East Indies

  12. Portugal Trading • Reached Japan in 1543 • Shipwrecked sailors washed ashore • Portuguese merchants soon followed • Asians were curious of newcomers • Goods impact cultures • Clocks • Eyeglasses • Tobacco • Firearms • Japanese change from using swords to muskets & cannons • Allowed for the building of forts • Small towns built outside of forts

  13. Dutch Trading & Cultural Impact

  14. Dutch Take Over • Portuguese driven out of East Indies • Dutch trading takes over • People of the Netherlands • Became sea trading power by 1600 • 20,000 Ships for trading • Dutch East India Trading Company • Established in Asia • Mint Money • Make trade treaties • Protected by their own army • Dominated England & Portugal trading

  15. Dutch Grow Trade • Capture Spice Islands in 1619 • Amsterdam becomes a leading commercial center by 1600s • Dutch controlled much of Asia & Cape of Good Hope • Located in South Africa

  16. Impact on Asian Culture • Effects of European trade was limited • Asians worked to limit influence of new trade • China & Japan tried to maintain their culture • Christian Missionaries • 1549 Christian missionaries arrive in Japan • Japanese associate missionaries with muskets & other goods they wanted • 300,000 Japanese converted to Christianity by 1600 • Japan worked for almost 40 years to rid Japan of Christians

  17. Impact (Cont) • Closed country policy • Persecution of Christians led to closed door policy • Did not agree with European ideas • Did like their technology • Shoguns sealed the country by 1639 • Closed country policy

  18. The Ming Dynasty

  19. Ming Dynasty Background • Dynasty existed 1368 – 1644 A.D. • Ming Dynasty in power when Portugal arrived in China (1514) • Group of overlords who ruled China • Helped protect southeast Asian countries • Demanded payments for recognition of dominance • Mings wanted peace & prosperity in China

  20. Hongwu (Rise of the Ming) • Commanded the army to defeat the Mongol rulers • Became the first Emperor of the Ming Dynasty • Promoted power & prosperity in the region • Encouraged Confucian moral standards • Opposite of Christian missionaries

  21. Hongwu (Cont) • Agricultural changes • Improved rice production • Improved irrigation • Introduced fish farming • Introduced commercial farming • Cotton • Sugar Cane • Created a merit-based service system • Became a ruthless tyrant & paranoid of takeovers

  22. Yonglo • Yonglo became Emperor in 1398 • Son of Hongwu • Extreme interests in the world outside of China

  23. China Explores

  24. China’s Expeditions • Led by Zheng He • Friend of Yonglo • Huge Expeditions • Large fleets to far lands • 40 – 300 Ships per expedition • Focused on East Africa • Arrived in foreign ports with thousands of men • Gave people gifts to show superiority • Scented oils • Gold • Silver • Silk

  25. Impact of Explorations • China’s economy does not grow • Economy based on agriculture & not industry • Christian missionaries take focus off of Confucian teachings

  26. Daily Life • Farmers put emphasis on growth of rice & crops • Collected from the Americas • Role of Women • Sons over daughters • Sons raise family under parents roof • Ensured support for family elders • Females not valued • Sometimes killed • Men dominate household • Women help run the house • Had outside jobs occasionally

  27. The Qing Dynasty Pronounced Ching

  28. Mings Lose Power • Ming Dynasty weakens after 200 years • Ineffective rulers • Corrupt government leaders • No government money • Manchuria invades China • Manchurians take over in 1644 • Qing Dynasty lasted 260 years • Grew China • Taiwan • Chinese Central Asia • Mongolia • Tibet

  29. Qing Dynasty • Manchurian rulers faced resistance during reign • Not traditionally Chinese • Qing Changes for Chinese • Men wear hair in pigtail as sign of submission • Qings accepted by showing Confucian beliefs • Reduced government expenses & lowered taxes

  30. Qings Isolate Asia • Traders had to follow special rules • Trade only at certain ports • Pay tribute • Taxes to trade given to government • Dutch traders were successful in following rules • Become large shippers of tea to Europe • 80% of cargo • Great Britain did not follow rules • Were forbidden to trade • China becomes “big brother” to Korea • SIGNIFICANT TO LATER WARS

  31. Cultural Developments • China becomes conservative and refuses change from outsiders • Closed country ideas • Large family structure is important • Major growth in population • Focused on arts • Creation of ceramics & porcelain

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