Learning

Learning Chapter Eight

Definitions • Learning-the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior. • Conditioning- acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well defined stimul.

Learning through Habituation • Habituation- simplest form of learning, which refers to decline in an organism’s response to a stimulus, once the stimulus has become familiar. • Dishabituation- an increase in responding caused by the presence of something novel. A change in stimulation brings the organism important news about its world

Types of Conditioning • Classical Conditioning- (Pavlovian)-the process of learning to associate two stimuli. • Operant Conditioning- (Instrumental)- the process of learning to associate a response and its consequence.

Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus (US) • Unconditioned Response (UR) • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Conditioned Response (CR)

Before Conditioning: • Bell(CS) No Response • Food (US) Salivation(UR)

During Conditioning Bell followed by Food (US) Salivation After Conditioning Bell (CS) Salivation (CR)

Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning • Phobias • Desensitization Therapy

Operant Conditioning • Involves learning association between an organism’s behavior and resulting events. • Law of Effect (Thorndike)-consistently rewarded behavior will be likely to recur (stamped in) while behavior that brings about discomfort will be stamped out….also known as the Principle of Reinforcement.

Types of Reinforcement • Reinforcer- a stimulus that follows a behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. • Positive Reinforcer-adds something rewarding to a situation. • Negative Reinforcer-removal of an aversive stimulus. NEGATIVE REINFORER ID NOT A PUNISHING EVENT…IT IS THE REMOVAL OF A PUNISHING OR AVERSIVE EVENT.

Punishment • Def. any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. • Drawbacks to punishment

Stages involved in Conditioning: Classical & Operant • Response Acquisition-building phase of conditioning during which the likelihood or strength • Classical- • Operant- • Motivation • Skinner box • Shaping

Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery-how long does learning last, and once lost, can it be recovered. • Classical Conditioning- • Operant Conditioning-undergoes interference from other behaviors when the original behavior is no longer rewarded.

Generalization & Discrimination- • Stimulus Generalization • Response Generalization • Stimulus Discrimination • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning

New Learning based on Original Learning • Classical Conditioning-Higher order conditioning. • Operant Conditioning • Primary Reinforcers • Secondary Reinforcers

Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement • Partial Reinforcement (4 schedules) • Fixed ratio -reinforce behavior after a set number of responses • Variable ratio-provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses. • Fixed interval- reinforce the first response afte a fixed time period. • Variable interval-reinforce the first response after varying time intervals.

Cognitive Learning • Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable. • Social Learning Theory

Learning without Conscious Awareness • How do we sometimes “just know”? • Intuition

Learning

Learning

Presentation Transcript

Learning and Lifelong learning

Learning About Learning

Reinforcement Learning : Learning Algorithms

Learning E-Learning: Introduction

Blended Learning , Better Learning

Learning and Learning LiveCode

Learning styles Learning Preferences Learning Strategies

HUMAN LEARNING AND LEARNING

Learning about learning

Machine learning: Unsupervised learning

Learning about learning

Mobility + Learning = Mobile Learning

Active Learning = Deep Learning

Learning and Learning Disabilities

Learning Unit – learning consultant

Learning inside, learning outside

Learning Teaching Teaching Learning

Learning Technologies E-Learning