Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

1. Scientific Revolution Enlightenment The Big Picture

2. The Beginning • Before revolution people relied on the works of Aristotle and The Bible for their beliefs in the natural world • During the SR people re-examined those beliefs and began to rely on reason for their info

3. Heliocentric Theory • Copernicus challenged the Geocentric theory of the solar system

6. Johannes Kepler • Student of Copernicus proved mathematically that the sun is the center and planets have elliptical orbit

7. Galileo • Discovered laws of motion (Think feather and hammer on the moon)

8. Bacon • Was a proponent of experimental method (empiricism) believed scientist should experiment then draw conclusions

9. Descartes • Father of analytical geometry relied on mathematics and reason to prove theories • Descartes and Bacon ideas lead to modern scientific method

10. The Enlightenment • The enlightenment is applying the ideas of the Scientific Method to society • Must use reason to solve societies problems

11. Locke • People are born with natural rights life, liberty, and property

12. Hobbes • Absolute monarchy stops people from each others selfishness • Social Contract people hand over certain liberties and gain law and order

13. Rousseau • Believed in direct democracy only a democracy created by the general will of society was a good government

14. Montesquieu • Separation of power only power can check power

15. Exit Quiz • What is the theory that states the universe revolves around the earth? • Who proved mathematically Copernicus’ theory? • Which scientist discovered the Laws of Motion? • What is Montesquieu’s theory on government power? • Name Locke’s “Natural Rights”

16. The Enlightenment recap • Ideas of the Scientific Revolution are applied to society • New Ideas of equality and how society should be structure • Anti religious because church was part of old class system

17. Voltaire • Supported freedom of speech and expression • Believed that a monarch that respected the people’s rights was the best form of government

18. Diderot’s Encyclopedia • Large set of books with articles • Helped spread enlightenment ideas and knowledge in general

19. Enlightened Monarchs • Some enlightenment thinkers believed the best government was one in which monarchs respected people’s rights • Some monarchs changed some parts of their government but didn’t give up power • Fredrick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine the Great

20. World History Textbook Assignment • Read pages 202-205 do the Section 3 Assessment #s3-8

21. Exit Quiz • Name one enlightened Monarch • What did Diderot write? • What did Voltaire support?

22. Before The Agricultural Revolution (AG) • Before the AR there was an open field system • Open field was not fenced off people farmed according to village custom generation after generation farmed same tract • Common lands were used for grazing • Peasants could hand land over to children

23. Before (AG) • Soil exhaustion was a problem • Overtime soil loses nitrogen and other nutrients and can’t grow the same amount of food • Farmers would allow a portion of the land to remain fallow or unused so it would gain its nutrients

24. After (AG) • Farmers used crop rotation with crops that would put nitrogen back in the soil most important of these crops were peas and beans • Farmers could feed nitrogen producing crops to animals then animals would produce manure that could further fertilize crops • Crops would yield more food and people had more meat than ever before

25. Scientific Farming • JethroTull was skeptical of old farming practices and used empirical methods (Bacon) to develop new farming techniques • Pioneered techniques in animal husbandry plowing and seeding • Seed drill would drill specific holes for seeds instead of just scattering them

26. Enclosure Movement • Movement to enclose the open fields • Many farmers opposed enclosure and it was difficult to get whole villages to agree to new scientific methods of farming • Proponents believed that enclosure would allow more experimentation, bring more land into production, and allow for more effective farming

27. Enclosure Movement • By the late 1700s most of the land in England was enclosed • A few wealthy businessman owned most of the land and farmed it intensively • Used the newest scientific methods to produce a profit • Because of enclosure there are large numbers of Proletariat (wage earners) in England

28. Enclosure Movement • Wage laborers work long hours and have little independence which further boosted yields

29. Population Growth in the 18th Century • Because of better farming techniques people had more food than ever before • People were less succeptible to disease • Plague disappeared mostly because of stricter quarantine • In England there was inoculation against small pox (cow pox virus used) • More food and better transportation networks led to less famines

30. Small Pox

31. Cow Pox

32. Cottage Industry the Beginning of Industrialization • Because there were so many more people kicked off their farms because of Enclosure • People started producing goods in their homes (cottages) • This was known as the putting out system in which merchants picked up work from cottages the work they put-out

33. Spinning at Home (Cottage)

36. Textile Industry • The making of garments, clothes, rugs etc… • Clothes were made from wool and later cotton • First industry to be used in the putting-out system

37. Guilds • Eventually destroyed with the coming of the industrial revolution

38. Guilds • Guilds were labor associations organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members • There were tailor guilds, shoemaker, and spinner guilds, rope makers and many more • Mostly in the textile industry • Enjoyed government protection and access to protected markets

39. The Global Economy • Britain becomes leading mercantilist nation in Europe • Protects markets between its mainland and colonies • Navigation Acts required that most goods shipped to Great Britain be carried on British ships (money stays in Britain) • Navigation acts were designed to replace Dutch who were leaders in shipping

43. Britain Becomes Most Powerful Nations on Earth • Wealth built on shipping and mercantilist policies • Beat French in Seven Years War French had to give up huge territory in Americas • British had exclusive access to shipping from American Colonies • Britain would sell manufactured goods colonies would sell raw materials

45. Atlantic Slave Trade • European nations and companies profited greatly from slave trade • England became leader in slave shipping after it replaced Dutch • Slaves would work to cultivate tobacco, indigo (blue dye in jeans), rice, sugar, and most profitable of all cotton. • Slave labor in colonies produced the raw materials European countries needed

48. Atlantic Slave Trade • Raw materials were sent to Europe and there they were refined and sold to colonies • It made England incredibly wealthy