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Scientific Revolution Enlightenment. The Big Picture. The Beginning. Before revolution people relied on the works of Aristotle and The Bible for their beliefs in the natural world During the SR people re-examined those beliefs and began to rely on reason for their info. Heliocentric Theory.
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Scientific Revolution Enlightenment The Big Picture
The Beginning • Before revolution people relied on the works of Aristotle and The Bible for their beliefs in the natural world • During the SR people re-examined those beliefs and began to rely on reason for their info
Heliocentric Theory • Copernicus challenged the Geocentric theory of the solar system
Johannes Kepler • Student of Copernicus proved mathematically that the sun is the center and planets have elliptical orbit
Galileo • Discovered laws of motion (Think feather and hammer on the moon)
Bacon • Was a proponent of experimental method (empiricism) believed scientist should experiment then draw conclusions
Descartes • Father of analytical geometry relied on mathematics and reason to prove theories • Descartes and Bacon ideas lead to modern scientific method
The Enlightenment • The enlightenment is applying the ideas of the Scientific Method to society • Must use reason to solve societies problems
Locke • People are born with natural rights life, liberty, and property
Hobbes • Absolute monarchy stops people from each others selfishness • Social Contract people hand over certain liberties and gain law and order
Rousseau • Believed in direct democracy only a democracy created by the general will of society was a good government
Montesquieu • Separation of power only power can check power
Exit Quiz • What is the theory that states the universe revolves around the earth? • Who proved mathematically Copernicus’ theory? • Which scientist discovered the Laws of Motion? • What is Montesquieu’s theory on government power? • Name Locke’s “Natural Rights”
The Enlightenment recap • Ideas of the Scientific Revolution are applied to society • New Ideas of equality and how society should be structure • Anti religious because church was part of old class system
Voltaire • Supported freedom of speech and expression • Believed that a monarch that respected the people’s rights was the best form of government
Diderot’s Encyclopedia • Large set of books with articles • Helped spread enlightenment ideas and knowledge in general
Enlightened Monarchs • Some enlightenment thinkers believed the best government was one in which monarchs respected people’s rights • Some monarchs changed some parts of their government but didn’t give up power • Fredrick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine the Great
World History Textbook Assignment • Read pages 202-205 do the Section 3 Assessment #s3-8
Exit Quiz • Name one enlightened Monarch • What did Diderot write? • What did Voltaire support?
Before The Agricultural Revolution (AG) • Before the AR there was an open field system • Open field was not fenced off people farmed according to village custom generation after generation farmed same tract • Common lands were used for grazing • Peasants could hand land over to children
Before (AG) • Soil exhaustion was a problem • Overtime soil loses nitrogen and other nutrients and can’t grow the same amount of food • Farmers would allow a portion of the land to remain fallow or unused so it would gain its nutrients
After (AG) • Farmers used crop rotation with crops that would put nitrogen back in the soil most important of these crops were peas and beans • Farmers could feed nitrogen producing crops to animals then animals would produce manure that could further fertilize crops • Crops would yield more food and people had more meat than ever before
Scientific Farming • JethroTull was skeptical of old farming practices and used empirical methods (Bacon) to develop new farming techniques • Pioneered techniques in animal husbandry plowing and seeding • Seed drill would drill specific holes for seeds instead of just scattering them
Enclosure Movement • Movement to enclose the open fields • Many farmers opposed enclosure and it was difficult to get whole villages to agree to new scientific methods of farming • Proponents believed that enclosure would allow more experimentation, bring more land into production, and allow for more effective farming
Enclosure Movement • By the late 1700s most of the land in England was enclosed • A few wealthy businessman owned most of the land and farmed it intensively • Used the newest scientific methods to produce a profit • Because of enclosure there are large numbers of Proletariat (wage earners) in England
Enclosure Movement • Wage laborers work long hours and have little independence which further boosted yields
Population Growth in the 18th Century • Because of better farming techniques people had more food than ever before • People were less succeptible to disease • Plague disappeared mostly because of stricter quarantine • In England there was inoculation against small pox (cow pox virus used) • More food and better transportation networks led to less famines
Cottage Industry the Beginning of Industrialization • Because there were so many more people kicked off their farms because of Enclosure • People started producing goods in their homes (cottages) • This was known as the putting out system in which merchants picked up work from cottages the work they put-out
Textile Industry • The making of garments, clothes, rugs etc… • Clothes were made from wool and later cotton • First industry to be used in the putting-out system
Guilds • Eventually destroyed with the coming of the industrial revolution
Guilds • Guilds were labor associations organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members • There were tailor guilds, shoemaker, and spinner guilds, rope makers and many more • Mostly in the textile industry • Enjoyed government protection and access to protected markets
The Global Economy • Britain becomes leading mercantilist nation in Europe • Protects markets between its mainland and colonies • Navigation Acts required that most goods shipped to Great Britain be carried on British ships (money stays in Britain) • Navigation acts were designed to replace Dutch who were leaders in shipping
Britain Becomes Most Powerful Nations on Earth • Wealth built on shipping and mercantilist policies • Beat French in Seven Years War French had to give up huge territory in Americas • British had exclusive access to shipping from American Colonies • Britain would sell manufactured goods colonies would sell raw materials
Atlantic Slave Trade • European nations and companies profited greatly from slave trade • England became leader in slave shipping after it replaced Dutch • Slaves would work to cultivate tobacco, indigo (blue dye in jeans), rice, sugar, and most profitable of all cotton. • Slave labor in colonies produced the raw materials European countries needed
Atlantic Slave Trade • Raw materials were sent to Europe and there they were refined and sold to colonies • It made England incredibly wealthy