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Aim: How did Middle Eastern nations seek to establish a national identity in the 20 th century?

Aim: How did Middle Eastern nations seek to establish a national identity in the 20 th century?. DO NOW: What do you already know about the Middle East? Geography Climate Early history Religions. MIDDLE EAST REVIEW. MIDDLE EAST – 20 TH CENTURY AND TODAY.

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Aim: How did Middle Eastern nations seek to establish a national identity in the 20 th century?

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  1. Aim: How did Middle Eastern nations seek to establish a national identity in the 20th century? DO NOW: What do you already know about the Middle East? • Geography • Climate • Early history • Religions

  2. MIDDLE EAST REVIEW

  3. MIDDLE EAST – 20TH CENTURY AND TODAY • What has been the political (governmental) tradition in the Middle East for hundreds of years? • What is nationalism? • What is a national identity? • Why might it be difficult for Middle Eastern nations to achieve a sense of national identity in the 20th century? (consider their political/governmental tradition) • What is the difference between a secular and a fundamentalist approach to modernization in the Middle East

  4. Aim: How did Middle Eastern countries seek to establish a national identity in the 20th century? TURKEY • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk • 1923 – President Turkish Republic • GOAL – modernize/westernize Turkey • 6 Principles • Secularism • Republicanism • Populism • Statism • Revolutionism • Nationalism

  5. TURKEY

  6. Aim: How did Middle Eastern counties seek to establish a national identity in the 20th century? EGYPT • GAMAL ABDEL NASSER • 1954-1970 • Political and economic reform • Aid from both U.S. and U.S.S.R. • NONALIGNMENT • Aswan High Dam • Agriculture – land reform • Pan-Arabism

  7. Aim: How did Middle Eastern countries seek to establish a national identity in the 20th century? EGYPT • ANWAR SADAT • 1970-1982 • Political reform • Constitutional change • Arab-Israeli conflict • Peace talks – Camp David • Peace Prize – 1978 • Break off relations with USSR

  8. Aim: How did Middle Eastern counties seek to establish a national identity in the 20th century? EGYPT • Hosni Mubarak • 1982-2011 • Overthrown • Transition government in place

  9. Aim: How did Middle Eastern countries seek to establish a national identity in the 20th century? IRAN • Reza khan – 1921 • Shah – 1925 • Pahlavi dynasty • Modernize Iran • Secular approach • Built schools, developed natural resources, support rights of women • Despot – harsh ruler • Abdicates in 1941

  10. Aim: How did Middle Eastern countries seek to establish a national identity in the 20th century? IRAN • Mohammad Reza Pahlavi • Son of Reza Shah • Attempts to continue modernization • built factories, schools, highways • Land reform • More freedom to women • Cruel dictator • Failed economic reform • High military spending • High inflation • Unrest • Opposition – Muslim religious leaders

  11. Aim: How successful have Middle Eastern nations been in establishing a sense of national identity? • What approach to modernization did Iran pursue while under the rule of the Shahs? (Pahlavi dynasty) • Why did the modernization efforts of the Shahs fail? • Why did the Shah lose support of many Iranians by 1979? • How did life in Iran change after the revolution of 1979?

  12. Aim: How did Middle Eastern countries seek to establish a national identity in the 20th century? IRAN • Ayatollah Khomeini – 1979 • Iranian Revolution • Shah flees • Islamic Republic established • Reject Western ways/influence • Return to traditional Islamic values • FUNDAMENTALISM • Laws based upon Koran • Rid country of western influences • Hostage crisis (U.S. – Pres. Carter)

  13. IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS

  14. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS • What approach did Turkey and Egypt use to modernize in the 20th century? (secular or fundamentalist) • What approach did the Shahs use in bringing modernization to Iran? • How successful were the Shahs’ reforms? • What happened in Iran in 1979? (Why?) • How did this event change life in Iran? • Why did the Iranian government allow 53 Americans to be held hostage in Iran for 444 days? • How did President Carter respond to the hostage crisis? • Was Carter right to protect the lives of the hostages at all costs? • What would be a good reason – if any – to sacrifice the lives of some of the hostages? • How would you characterize U.S.-Iranian relations since 1979?

  15. GOOD HIJAB

  16. Good Hijab in Saudi Arabia

  17. Afghan Women Under the Taliban

  18. Executions under the Taliban

  19. SAUDI ARABIA SAUD family • FUNDAMENTALIST APPROACH TO MODERNIZATION • 1932 politically unified • King Fahd of Saud dynasty • Now King Abdullah • Monarchy • Modern cities • New industries • Steel, oil • Education • Health care • ISLAM REMAINS CENTRAL • REFORMS DONE WITHIN CONTEXT OF ISLAM

  20. SUMMARY • What Middle Eastern nations have used a secular approach to modernization? • What Middle Eastern nations have use a fundamentalist approach to modernization? • Why do some women in secular countries choose to wear the hijab? • Is it right to prevent Muslim women from wearing hijab in public schools? (France does, U.S. does not) Explain.

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