Course Title: Ecotourism Course Code: (TM371) Lecture

1. Course Title: Ecotourism Course Code: (TM371) Lecture

2. Lecture Title: Protected areas

3. Learning Objectives The student will be able to know the protected areas

4. contents • Strict Nature Reserve • Wilderness Area • National Park • Natural Monument or Feature • Habitat/Species Management Area • Protected Landscape/Seascape • Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources

5. Strict Nature Reserve (Elomayed Natural protected) • Protected areas that are strictly set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphological features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring.

6. Primary objective • To conserve regionally, nationally or globally outstanding ecosystems, species (occurrences or aggregations) and/or geodiversity features: these attributes will have been formed mostly or entirely by non-human forces and will be degraded or destroyed when subjected to all but very light human impact

7. Other objectives • To preserve ecosystems, species and geodiversity features in a state as undisturbed by recent human activity as possible; • To secure examples of the natural environment for scientific studies, environmental monitoring and education, including baseline areas from which all avoidable access is excluded; • To minimize disturbance through careful planning and implementation of research and other approved activities; • To conserve cultural and spiritual values associated with nature.

8. Wilderness Area   • Protected areas that are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition

9. Primary objective • To protect the long-term ecological integrity of natural areas that are undisturbed by significant human activity, free of modern infrastructure and where natural forces and processes predominate, so that current and future generations have the opportunity to experience such areas.

10. Other objectives  • To provide for public access at levels and of a type which will maintain the wilderness qualities of the area for present and future generations;  To enable indigenous communities to maintain their traditional wilderness-based lifestyle and customs, living at low density and using the available resources in ways compatible with the conservation objectives; • To protect the relevant cultural and spiritual values and non-material benefits to indigenous or non-indigenous populations, such as solitude, respect for sacred sites, respect for ancestors etc.; • To allow for low-impact minimally invasive educational and scientific research activities, when such activities cannot be conducted outside the wilderness area.

11. National Park (Ras Mohamed) • Large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities

12. Primary objective • To protect natural biodiversity along with its underlying ecological structure and supporting environmental processes, and to promote education and recreation.

13. Other objectives • To manage the area in order to perpetuate, in as natural a state as possible, representative examples of physiographic regions, biotic communities, genetic resources and unimpaired natural processes; • To maintain viable and ecologically functional populations and assemblages of native species at densities sufficient to conserve ecosystem integrity and resilience in the long term; • To contribute in particular to conservation of wide-ranging species, regional ecological processes and migration routes; • To manage visitor use for inspirational, educational, cultural and recreational purposes at a level which will not cause significant biological or ecological degradation to the natural resources; • To take into account the needs of indigenous people and local communities, including subsistence resource use, in so far as these will not adversely affect the primary management objective; • To contribute to local economies through tourism

14. Natural Monument or Feature - • The Petrified Forest Area in Maadi - Cairo • Protected areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a living feature such as an ancient grove. They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value

15. Primary objective • To protect specific outstanding natural features and their associated biodiversity and habitats. • Other objectives • To provide biodiversity protection in landscapes or seascapes that have otherwise undergone major changes; • To protect specific natural sites with spiritual and/or cultural values where these also have biodiversity values; • To conserve traditional spiritual and cultural values of the site.

16. Habitat/Species Management Area • Zaraniq protected Area • Protected areas aiming to protect particular species or habitats and management reflects this priority. Many category IV protected areas will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category.

17. Primary objective • To maintain, conserve and restore species and habitats. Other objectives • To protect vegetation patterns or other biological features through traditional management approaches; • To protect fragments of habitats as components of landscape or seascape-scale conservation strategies; • To develop public education and appreciation of the species and/or habitats concerned; • To provide a means by which the urban residents may obtain regular contact with nature.

18. Protected Landscape/ Seascape • Abu Gallum protected area in South Sinai Governorate • A protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values.

19. Primary objective • To protect and sustain important landscapes/seascapes and the associated nature conservation and other values created by interactions with humans through traditional management practices.

20. Other objectives • To maintain a balanced interaction of nature and culture through the protection of landscape and/or seascape and associated traditional management approaches, societies, cultures and spiritual values; • To contribute to broad-scale conservation by maintaining species associated with cultural landscapes and/or by providing conservation opportunities in heavily used landscapes; • To provide opportunities for enjoyment, well-being and socio-economic activity through recreation and tourism; • To provide natural products and environmental services; • To provide a framework to underpin active involvement by the community in the management of valued landscapes or seascapes and the natural and cultural heritage that they contain; • To encourage the conservation of agrobiodiversity6 and aquatic biodiversity; • To act as models of sustainability so that lessons can be learnt for wider application.

21. Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources • (Ahrash Protectorate) • Protected areas that conserve ecosystems and habitats, together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area

22. Primary objective • To protect natural ecosystems and use natural resources sustainably, when conservation and sustainable use can be mutually beneficial.

23. Other objectives • To promote sustainable use of natural resources, considering ecological, economic and social dimensions; • To promote social and economic benefits to local communities where relevant; • To facilitate inter-generational security for local communities' livelihoods – therefore ensuring that such livelihoods are sustainable; • To integrate other cultural approaches, belief systems and world-views within a range of social and economic approaches to nature conservation; • To contribute to developing and/or maintaining a more balanced relationship between humans and the rest of nature; • To contribute to sustainable development at national, regional and local level (in the last case mainly to local communities and/or indigenous peoples depending on the protected natural resources); • To facilitate scientific research and environmental monitoring, mainly related to the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources; • To collaborate in the delivery of benefits to people, mostly local communities, living in or near to the designated protected area; • To facilitate recreation and appropriate small-scale tourism.

24. Natural Protectorates Description  • 1- Ras Mohamed Protected Area and Tyran as well as Sanafir in South Sinai Governorate Date of Announcement : 1983 Area : 850 km2 Type : World Heritage Protected AreaDistance from Cairo : 446 Km

25. 2- Zaraniq protected Area and El Bardwaeel Marsh in the North Sinai GovernorateDate of Announcement : 1985 Area : 230 km2 Type : Wetland protected area and a natural restricted area for birds Distance from Cairo : 300 km

26. 3- Coast marshes Area in Rafah North Sinai Governorate (Ahrash Protectorate) Date of Announcement : 1985 Area : 8 km2Type : Developing resources protected areaDistance from Cairo : 370 km

27. 4- Elba Natural protected Area in the Red Sea Governorate Date of Announcement : 1986 Area : 35600 km2Type : National Park Protected Area Distance from Cairo: 1300 Km

28. 5- Elomayed Natural protected Area in Matrouh Governorate Date of Announcement : 1986 Area : 700 Km2Type : Desert Area and vital peripheralDistance from Cairo : 300 km

29. 6- Saloga, Ghazal and the small Islands in between (First waterfall) in Aswan Governorate Date of Announcement : 1986 Area : 0.5 km2Type : Wetlands and landscapeDistance from Cairo : 700 km

30. 7- Ashtoom El-gamil and Tenis island protected Area in Port said Governorate Date of Announcement : 1988 Area : 180 km2 Type : Wetlands and Natural restricted Area for birds Distance from Cairo : 200 km

31. 8- Saint Katherine protected Area in South Sinai Date of Announcement: 1988 Area: 5750 Km2Type : World cultural and Natural heritage protected area Distance from Cairo: 550 Km

32. 9- Wadi Al- Alaqi in Aswan Governorate Date of Announcement : 1989 Area : 30000 Km2Type: Desert Protected Area and Biosphere Reserve Distance from Cairo: 950 Km

33. 10- The Petrified Forest Area in Maadi - Cairo Date of Announcement : 1989 Area : 7 Km2 Type: Geological protected area and a national heritage Distance from Cairo : 30 km

34. 11- Wadi Al-Asioutty protected Area in Asiout Governorate Date of Announcement : 1989 Area: 35 km2 Type : Captive and multipurpose protected area Distance from Cairo : 400 Km

35. 12- Wadi El Rayan protected Area in Fayoum Governorate Date of Announcement: 1989 Area: 1759 km2Type : Developing management resources protected area and a natural national heritage Distance from Cairo: 150 km

36. 13- Quaron Lake protected Area in El-Fayoum Governorate Date of Announcement : 1989 Area : 1385 km2Type : WetlandsDistance from Cairo : 90 km

37. 14- Hassana Dome protected Area in Giza Governorate Date of Announcement : 1989 Area : 1 km2 Type : Geological protected areaDistance from Cairo : 23 km

38. 15- WadiSanor Cave protected Area in BeniSueif Governorate Date of Announcement : 1992 Area : 12 km2 Type : Geological protected area and national heritage Distance from Cairo : 200 km

39. 16- Nabq protected Area in South Sinai Governorate Date of Announcement : 1992 Area : 600 km2 Type: Multipurpose protected areaDistance from Cairo : 500 km

40. 17- Abu Gallum protected area in South Sinai Governorate Date of announcement : 1992 Area : 500 Km2 Type : landscape protected area Distance from Cairo : 600 km

41. 18- Taba protected Area in South Sinai Governorate Date of announcement: 1998 Area : 3595 km2 Type : Desert and natural heritage protected area Distance from Cairo : 550 km

42. 19- El-Brolus Protected Area in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate Date of announcement : 1998 Area : 460 km2 Type : wetlands protected area Distance from Cairo : 300 km

43. 20- Nile river Islands Protected Area in Different Governorate Date of Announcement : 1998 Area : 160 km2 Type : Wet lands protected area Distance from Cairo : 144 islands in different Governorate

44. 21- WadiDegla Protected Area in Cairo Governorate Date of Announcement : 1999 Area : 60 km2Type : Desert lands protected area Distance from Cairo : 10 km

45. 22- Natural Siwa Protected Area in Matrouh Governorate Date of Announcement : 2002 Area : 7800 km2Type : Desert and cultural protected area Distance from Cairo : 800 km

46. 23- Natural white Desert Protected Area in El Wady EL GedidDate of Announcement : 2002 Area : 3010 km2Type : Desert and landscape protected area Distance from Cairo : 570 km

47. 24- Wadi El Gemal - Hamata Protected Area Date of Announcement : 2003 Area : 7450 km2Type : Desert protected area Distance from Cairo : 850 km

48. 25- Red Sea Northern Islands Date of Announcement : 2006 Area : 1991 km2Type : Developing resources protected area

49. 26- El Gulf El KebeerDate of Announcement : 2007 Area : 48523 km2Type : Natural and Cultural National Park Protected Area

50. 27- El-DababyaDate of Announcement : 2007 Area : 1 km2Type : Geological protected area