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Molecular Imaging & Positron Emission Tomography  

Molecular Imaging & Positron Emission Tomography  . Nicholas Mulhern BME 281. Molecular Imaging. Produces Images of the body Allows Visualization of the cellular function Fine molecular changes understanding molecular pathways Allows for quantitative tests

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Molecular Imaging & Positron Emission Tomography  

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  1. Molecular Imaging &Positron Emission Tomography   Nicholas Mulhern BME 281

  2. Molecular Imaging • Produces Images of the body • Allows Visualization of the cellular function • Fine molecular changes • understanding molecular pathways • Allows for quantitative tests • More objectivity to the study of Specific Areas • Noninvasive manner • Origins in the 1950’s

  3. Why its important? • Earlier and more precise Disease diagnosis • Cancer • Neurological • Cardiovascular diseases • Elucidate biochemical processes • Track the impact of experimental drugs • clinical trials • Many Applications • Oncology, Neuroimaging, Cardiology, Pharmacology Small animal imaging, Musculo-skeletal imaging

  4. (PET)  • Provides a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body • blood flow • other biochemical functions

  5. Biomarkers • Injected into Patient • tagged with a radioactive atom • Molecule determines the function imaged • Indicator of the Biological state • Help image particular targets or pathways • Chemically interact with their surroundings  • Alter Images according to Molecular changes • Carbon-11, Fluorine-18, Oxygen-15, or Nitrogen-13 • short decay time positron emitting radionuclide  Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

  6. Gamma Ray Detector • Flat table moves incrementally within Housing • Circular Gamma ray detector Array   • “Donut Shaped” • Contains series of scintillation crystals • connected to a photomultiplier tube • Scintillation crystals • convert the gamma rays, emitted from the patient, to photons of light • Photomultiplier Tubes  • Convert and amplify the photons to electrical signals

  7. Electrical signals • Electrical signals are then processed by the computer to generate images • The table is then moved • process is repeated • Time Dedication • 60 min Resting Period • Scan 30 minutes • Analytical results within • 24 hours

  8. Result Imaging • Resulting in a series of thin slice images • Region of interest • brain, breast, liver • These thin slice images can be assembled into a 3D representation of the patient's body

  9. shows that leukemia present in the bone marrow before treatment, left, persisted after chemotherapy, right. Brain scans of a healthy person (top of image) and a person with schizophrenia (bottom)

  10. Today • Few PET centers in the country • Must be located near a particle accelerator device • It produces the short-lived radioisotopes used in the technique • PET/CT scanner "co-registration" • Combines CT X-ray Scan simultaneously • Provides Anatomic Info: what the structure is • Metabolic Inform: what it is doing biochemically • TIME Magazine as the medical invention of the year in 2000

  11. A complete body PET/ CT Fusion Image

  12. Sources • http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/frontline/6414 • http://mips.stanford.edu/grants/icmic/2010-2015/ • http://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-medicine1.htm • http://blog.cleveland.com/medical/2009/03/is_my_chemo_working_new_use_fo.html • http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pet.chemistry/positron_emission_tomography • http://www.biologyreference.com/Po-Re/Psychiatric-Disorders-Biology-of.html#b

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