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CHAPTER 9

CHAPTER 9. Financial Planning and Forecasting Financial Statements. Topics in Chapter. Financial planning Additional Funds Needed (AFN) formula Forecasted financial statements Sales forecasts Percent of sales method. Financial Planning and Pro Forma Statements. Three important uses:

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CHAPTER 9

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  1. CHAPTER 9 Financial Planning and Forecasting Financial Statements

  2. Topics in Chapter • Financial planning • Additional Funds Needed (AFN) formula • Forecasted financial statements • Sales forecasts • Percent of sales method

  3. Financial Planning and Pro Forma Statements • Three important uses: • Forecast the amount of external financing that will be required • Evaluate the impact that changes in the operating plan have on the value of the firm • Set appropriate targets for compensation plans

  4. Steps in Financial Forecasting • Forecast sales • Project the assets needed to support sales • Project internally generated funds • Project outside funds needed • Decide how to raise funds • See effects of plan on ratios and stock price

  5. Sales Forecast

  6. Figure 9.1

  7. Excel’s LOGEST Function (1+g) rate using LOGEST = 1.0910358 g = 9.1% Management estimates g = 10%

  8. Balance Sheets (from Ch 8)

  9. Income Statement (from Ch 8)

  10. AFN (Additional Funds Needed) Formula: Key Assumptions • Operating at full capacity in 2009. • Each type of asset grows proportionally with sales. • Payables and accruals grow proportionally with sales. • 2009 profit margin ($113.5/$3,000 = 3.78%) and payout (49.3%) will be maintained. • Sales are expected to increase by 10%.

  11. The AFN Formula If ratios are expected to remain constant: AFN = (A*/S0)∆S - (L*/S0)∆S - M(S1)(RR)  Retained Earnings Required  Assets Spontaneously  Liabilities

  12. Variables in the AFN Formula • A* = Assets tied directly to sales • S0 = Last year’s sales • S1 = Next year’s projected sales • ∆S = Increase in sales; (S1-S0) • L* = Liabilities that spontaneously increase with sales

  13. Variables in the AFN Formula • A*/S0: assets required to support sales; “Capital Intensity Ratio” • L*/S0: spontaneous liabilities ratio • M: profit margin (Net income/sales) • RR: retention ratio; percent of net income not paid as dividend

  14. Key Factors in AFN • ∆S = Sales Growth • A*/S0 = Capital Intensity Ratio • L*/S0 = Spontaneous Liability Ratio • M = Profit Margin • RR = Retention Ratio

  15. Microdrive: Key AFN Factors • ∆S = $3,300 – 3,000 = $300 m • A*/S0 = $2,000/$3,000 = 0.6667 • L*/S0 = ($60+140)/$3,000 = 0.0667 • M = $113.5/$3,000 = 0.0378 • RR = $56/$113.5 = 0.493

  16. L*/S0 = ($60+140)/$3,000 = 0.0667 RR = $56/$113.5 = 0.493 RR=Retention Ratio L* = Spontaneous Liabilities

  17. The AFN Formula AFN = (A*/S0)∆S - (L*/S0)∆S - M(S1)(RR) AFN = 0.667($300) - 0.067($300) - 0.0378($3,300)(0.493) AFN = $118.42 million*

  18. Affect on AFN • Higher sales: • Increases asset requirements  AFN • Higher dividend payout ratio: • Reduces funds available internally  AFN • Higher profit margin: • Increases funds available internally  AFN • Higher capital intensity ratio, A*/S0: • Increases asset requirements  AFN • Pay suppliers sooner: • Decreases spontaneous liabilities  AFN

  19. Forecasted Financial Statements Method • Project sales based on forecasted growth rate in sales • Forecast some items as a % of the forecasted sales • Costs • Cash • Accounts receivable (More...)

  20. Forecasted Financial Statements Method • Items as percent of sales (Continued...) • Inventories • Net fixed assets • Accounts payable and accruals • Choose other items • Debt • Dividend policy (which determines retained earnings) • Common stock

  21. Sources of Financing Needed to Support Asset Requirements • Given the previous assumptions and choices, we can estimate: • Required assets to support sales • Specified sources of financing • Additional funds needed (AFN) is: • Required assets minus specified sources of financing

  22. Forecasting Interest Expense • Interest expense is actually based on the daily balance of debt during the year. • Three ways to approximate interest expense. Base it on: • Debt at end of year • Debt at beginning of year • Average of beginning and ending debt

  23. Basing Interest Expense on End-of-Year Debt • Over-estimates interest expense if debt is added throughout the year instead of all on January 1. • Causes circularity called financial feedback  more debt causes more interest, which reduces net income, which reduces retained earnings, which causes more debt, etc.

  24. Basing Interest Expense on Beginning-of-Year Debt • Under-estimates interest expense if debt is added throughout the year instead of all on December 31. • Doesn’t cause problem of circularity.

  25. Basing Interest Expense on Average of Beginning and Ending Debt • Will accurately estimate the interest payments if debt is added smoothly throughout the year. • Creates circularity problem

  26. A Solution that Balances Accuracy and Complexity • Base interest expense on beginning debt, but use a slightly higher interest rate. • Easy to implement • Reasonably accurate • For examples that bases interest expense on average debt, see: • Web Extension 9A.docandIFM10 Ch09 WebA Tool Kit.xls • IFM10 Ch09 Mini Case Feedback.xls

  27. Percent of Sales: Inputs Table 9.1

  28. Other Inputs

  29. 2010 First-Pass Forecasted Income Statement (Table 9.2)

  30. Sources of Financing

  31. Implications of AFN • If AFN is positive, additional financing required • If AFN is negative, surplus funds available • Pay off debt • Buy back stock • Buy short-term investments

  32. Additional Funds Needed • AFN = Required – Available • If AFN >0, then  Notes Payable • Acquire needed funds through short term borrowing • If AFN <0, then  Short term investments • Park excess funds in short term investments

  33. What are the additional funds needed (AFN)? • Required assets = $2,200.0 • Specified sources of fin. = $2,085.3 • Forecast AFN: $114.7 • MicroDrive must have the assets to make forecasted sales, and so it needs an equal amount of financing. So, we must secure another $114.7 of financing.

  34. Financial Policy Decisions • Mature firms rarely issue common stock. • Dividends tend to increase at a fairly steady rate • Preferred stock rarely used • Issuing long-term debt (bonds) is a major event • Most firms use short-term bank loans as financial “shock absorbers.”

  35. Assumptions about how MicroDrive will raise AFN • No new common stock will be issued. • Any external funds needed will be raised as short-term debt (notes payable).

  36. Equation AFN = $118.42 vs. Pro Forma AFN = $114.7 • Equation method assumes a constant profit margin. • Pro forma method is more flexible. More important, it allows different items to grow at different rates.

  37. Forecasted Ratios

  38. Planned Changes • Lower operating costs to 86% of sales • Layoff workers and close operations • Reduce accounts receivables to sales to 11.8% • Screen credit more closely • More aggressive collections • Reduce inventory to sales to 16.7% • Tighter inventory control

  39. Revised 2010 Income Statement Forecast

  40. Revised 2010 Balance Sheet Forecast

  41. Impact of Improvements

  42. 1,100 1,000  Declining A/S Ratio Assets Base Stock Sales 0 2,000 2,500 $1,000/$2,000 = 0.5; $1,100/$2,500 = 0.44. Declining ratio shows economies of scale. Going from S = $0 to S = $2,000 requires $1,000 of assets. Next $500 of sales requires only $100 of assets. Economies of Scale

  43. 1,500 1,000 Assets 500 Sales 500 1,000 2,000 A/S changes if assets are lumpy. Generally will have excess capacity, but eventually a small S leads to a large A. Lumpy Assets

  44. Capacity sales = Actual sales % of capacity $3,000 0.96 = = $3,125 With the existing fixed assets, sales could be $3,125. Since sales are forecasted at $3,300 less new fixed assets are needed. If 2009 fixed assets had been operated at 96% of capacity:

  45. Excess Capacity Adjustment • Full capacity sales = $3,125 million • Target FA/Sales: • Actual FA/Full Capacity Sales • $1,000/$3,125 = 32% • Required FA: • Target FA% x Projected Sales • 32% * $3,300 = $1,056 million

  46. How would the excess capacity situation affect the 2010 AFN? • The previously projected increase in fixed assets was $100 million. • From $1,000 to $1,100 million • With excess capacity, only $56 million is required, $44 million less. • Since less fixed assets will be needed, AFN will fall by $44 million, to: $118 - $44 = $74 million

  47. Summary: How different factors affect the AFN forecast. • Economies of scale: leads to less-than- proportional asset increases. • Lumpy assets: leads to large periodic AFN requirements, recurring excess capacity. • Excess capacity: lowers AFN

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