Cloud-based technologies:

1. Marshall Breeding Independent Consultant, Author, Speaker Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http://www.librarytechnology.org/ http://twitter.com/mbreeding Cloud-based technologies: enabling Large-scale collaboration for Academic Libraries 13 February 2013 2nd International Conference on Academic Libraries

2. Abstract The latest round of development in the realm of library automation has produced a new generation of library services platforms, designed to serve libraries more effectively than the traditional integrated library systems in place today.  These new products take advantage of the concepts of cloud computing to not only relieve libraries from the need to maintain local hardware and software, but to also embrace new models of managing data and content that enable increased collaboration among libraries in the way that they manage their collections.  They manage print, electronic, and digital resources in a way that avoids the need to operate different applications to manage each format of material.  This new approach to library management has been initially delivered through both commercial products and open source projects and serves as a model for other development efforts.  The address will describe some of the products available and projects underway and hopefully stimulate interest in new development efforts that embrace these concepts.

3. Additional points • Roadmap for migration to cloud (This is the top priority area for us) • What collaborative services (that can add value to academic enterprise) can go on to the cloud • Challenges for India and other developing countries in the migration to the cloud

4. Library Technology Guides www.librarytechnology.org

5. Academic Libraries in India

6. AppropriateAutomation Infrastructure • Current automation products out of step with current realities • Majority of library collection funds spent on electronic content • Majority of automation efforts support print activities • New discovery solutions help with access to e-content • Management of e-content continues with inadequate supporting infrastructure

7. Key Context: Libraries in Transition • Academic Shift from Print > Electronic • E-journal transition largely complete • Circulation of print collections slowing • E-books now in play (consultation > reading) • All libraries: • Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections • Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections • Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability

8. Key Text: Changed expectations in metadata management • Moving away from individual record-by-record creation • Life cycle of metadata • Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed • Manage metadata in bulk when possible • E-book collections • Highly shared metadata • E-journal knowledge bases, e.g. • Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data • Very little progress in linked data for operational systems • AACR2 > RDA • MARC > Bibframe (http://bibframe.org/)

9. Fundamental technology shift • Mainframe computing • Client/Server • Web-based and CloudComputing http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/ http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html

10. Major trend in Information Technology Term “in the cloud” has devolved into marketing hype, but cloud computing in the form of multi-tenant software as a service offers libraries opportunities to break out of individual silos of automation and engage in widely shared cooperative systems Opportunities for libraries to leverage their combined efforts into large-scale systems with more end-user impact and organizational efficiencies Cloud Computing

11. Cloud Computing for Libraries Book Image Publication Info: • Volume 11 in The Tech Set • Published by Neal-Schuman / ALA TechSource • ISBN: 781555707859 • http://www.neal-schuman.com/ccl

12. Almost all library automation vendors offer some form of “cloud-based” services Server management moves from library to Vendor Subscription-based business model Comprehensive annual subscription payment Offsets local server purchase and maintenance Offsets some local technology support Library Management in the Cloud

13. Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern approach One copy of the code base serves multiple sites Software functionality delivered entirely through Web interfaces No workstation clients Upgrades and fixes deployed universally Usually in small increments Software as a Service

14. SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data models Bibliographic knowledgebase: one globally shared copy that serves all libraries Discovery indexes: article and object-level index for resource discovery E-resource knowledge bases: shared authoritative repository of e-journal holdings General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows Data as a service

15. Moving legacy systems to hosted services provides some savings to individual institutions but does not result in dramatic transformation Globally shared data and metadata models have the potential to achieve new levels of operational efficiencies and more powerful discovery and automation scenarios that improve the position of libraries overall. Leveraging the Cloud

16. Transition to Web-scale Technologies • Web-scale: a characterization or marketing tag that denotes a comprehensive, highly-scalable, globally shared model • Web-scale: One of the key characteristics of emerging library management and discovery services • Displaces applications or data models targeting individual libraries in isolation • Discovery: index-based search • Management: Library Services Platforms

17. A New Generation of Resource Discovery

18. ILS Data Online Catalog Search: Scope of Search • Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level • Not in scope: • Articles • Book Chapters • Digital objects Search Results

19. Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface • Single search box • Query tools • Did you mean • Type-ahead • Relevance ranked results • Faceted navigation • Enhanced visual displays • Cover art • Summaries, reviews, • Recommendation services • Scope of Search • Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level • Other local and open access content • Not in scope: • Articles • Book Chapters • Digital objects

20. Discovery from Local to Web-scale • Initial products focused on interface improvements • AquaBrowser, Endeca,Primo, Encore, VuFind, • LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena • Mostly locally-installed software • Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery • Primo Central (Ex Libris) • Summon (Serials Solutions) • WorldCat Local (OCLC) • EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) • Encore Synergy (no index, though)

21. Discovery Interface search model ILS Data Digital Collections Search: Local Index ProQuest Search Results EBSCOhost MetaSearch Engine … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Real-time query and responses

22. Web-scale Index-based Discovery ILS Data (2009- present) Digital Collections Search: Web Site Content Institutional Repositories Aggregated Content packages Search Results Consolidated Index … E-Journals Reference Sources Pre-built harvesting and indexing

23. Web-scale Search Problem ILS Data Digital Collections Search: Web Site Content Institutional Repositories Consolidated Index Aggregated Content packages Search Results … E-Journals Pre-built harvesting and indexing ??? Non Participating Content Sources Problem in how to deal with resources not provided to ingest into consolidated index

24. Challenge for Relevancy • Technically feasible to index hundreds of millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR • Difficult to order records in ways that make sense • Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query • Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings

25. Challenges for Collection Coverage • To work effectively, discovery services need to cover comprehensively the body of content represented in library collections • What about publishers that do not participate? • Is content indexed at the citation or full-text level? • What are the restrictions for non-authenticated users? • How can libraries understand the differences in coverage among competing services?

26. Open Discovery Initiative • NISO Work Group to Develop Standards and Recommended Practices for Library Discovery Services Based on Indexed Search • Informal meeting called at ALA Annual 2011 • Co-Chaired by Marshall Breeding and Jenny Walker • Term: Dec 2011 – May 2013 http://www.niso.org/workrooms/odi/

27. Balance of Constituents Marshall Breeding, Vanderbilt UniversityJamene Brooks-Kieffer, Kansas State University Laura Morse, Harvard University Ken Varnum, University of Michigan Anya Arnold, Orbis Cascade AllianceSara Brownmiller, University of Oregon Lucy Harrison, College Center for Library Automation (D2D liaison/observer) Michele Newberry, Florida Virtual Campus Lettie Conrad, SAGE PublicationsBeth LaPensee, ITHAKA/JSTOR/PorticoJeff Lang, Thomson Reuters Linda Beebe, American Psychological AssocAaron Wood, Alexander Street Press Roger Schonfeld, JSTOR, Ithaka Jenny Walker, Ex Libris GroupJohn Law, Serials SolutionsMichael Gorrell, EBSCO Information Services David Lindahl, University of Rochester (XC) Jeff Penka, OCLC (D2D liaison/observer)

28. ODI Project Goals: • Identify … needs and requirements of the three stakeholder groups in this area of work. • Create recommendations and tools to streamline the process by which information providers, discovery service providers, and librarians work together to better serve libraries and their users. • Provide effective means for librarians to assess the level of participation by information providers in discovery services, to evaluate the breadth and depth of content indexed and the degree to which this content is made available to the user.

29. Timeline

30. Next-Gen Library Catalogs Marshall Breeding Neal-Schuman Publishers March 2010 Volume 1 of The Tech Set

31. New-generation Library Management

32. Is the status quo sustainable? • ILS for management of (mostly) print • Duplicative financial systems between library and campus • Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS) • OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to full-text electronic articles • Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.) • Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) • Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections • No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

33. Policies $$$ Funds BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Integrated (for print) Library System Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog BusinessLogic DataStores

34. Policies LicenseTerms BIB Vendors Holding / Items CircTransact User Vendor E-JournalTitles $$$ Funds LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: ` Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog E-resourceProcurement LicenseManagement Protocols: CORE

35. BIB Holding / Items CircTransact User Vendor Policies $$$ Funds Common approach for ERM Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Budget License Terms Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog Titles / Holdings Vendors Access Details

36. Comprehensive Resource Management • No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials • ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model • Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows

37. Academic Librariesneed a new model of library management • Not an Integrated Library System or Library Management System • The ILS/LMSwas designed to help libraries manage print collections • Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections • Other library automation products evolved: • Electronic Resource Management Systems – OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories

38. Library Services Platform • Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services • Services • Service oriented architecture • Exposes Web services and other API’s • Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users • Platform • General infrastructure for library automation • Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service • Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data

39. Library Services Platform Characteristics • Highly Shared data models • Knowledgebase architecture • Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local data stores • Delivered through software as a service • Multi-tenant • Unified workflows across formats and media • Flexible metadata management • MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX • Bibframe • New structures not yet invented • Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability

40. Open Systems • Achieving openness has risen as the key driver behind library technology strategies • Libraries need to do more with their data • Ability to improve customer experience and operational efficiencies • Demand for Interoperability • Open source – full access to internal program of the application • Open API’s – expose programmatic interfaces to data and functionality

41. New Library Management Model Unified Presentation Layer Search: Self-Check /Automated Return Library Services Platform ` Digital Coll Consolidated index Discovery Service ProQuest API Layer StockManagement EBSCO … Enterprise ResourcePlanning Smart Cad / Payment systems JSTOR LearningManagement AuthenticationService Other Resources

42. Library Services Platforms

43. Beginning of a new cycle of transition Over the course of the next decade, academic libraries will replace their current legacy products with new platforms Not just a change of technology but a substantial change in the ways that libraries manage their resources and deliver their services Development / Deployment perspective

44. Competing Models of Library Automation • Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS • Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris, • BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se • LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, TOTALS II, Talis Alto, OpenGalaxy • Traditional Open Source ILS • Evergreen, Koha • New generation Library Services Platforms • Ex Libris Alma • Kuali OLE (Enterprise, not cloud) • OCLC WorldShare Management Services, • Serials Solutions Intota • Innovative Interfaces Sierra (evolving)

45. Convergence • Discovery and Management solutions will increasingly be implemented as matched sets • Ex Libris: Primo / Alma • Serials Solutions: Summon / Intota • OCLC: WorldCat Local / WorldShare Platform • Except: Kuali OLE, EBSCO Discovery Service • Both depend on an ecosystem of interrelated knowledge bases • API’s exposed to mix and match, but efficiencies and synergies are lost

46. Migrating to the Cloud How do libraries make the transition?

47. Infrastructure • Move existing applications to cloud hosting? • Infrastructure as a service • Marginal gains • Create platforms designed for cloud deployment • Multi-tenant software as a service

48. Transition of services • Identify specific library services as candidates • What activities are performed by individual libraries that could be done more effectively collaboratively

49. Candidate services • Bibliographic support • Reference / Research support • Resource sharing • E-resource management • Resource Discovery • Library Management

50. Organizational strategy • Individual institutions make gains by moving legacy applications to hosted services • Amplify impact as new collaborative services are built that span organizations