ITI 510 – Computer Networks Meeting 1

1. ITI 510 – Computer NetworksMeeting 1 Rutgers University Internet Institute Instructor: Chris Uriarte

2. Welcome… ITI-510 Computer Networks Section 14 Instructor: Chris Uriarte (chris@cju.com) Six Meetings, 18 Hours total

3. About The Course… • For Who? • Anyone who has an interest in, or wants to explore, computer networks. • Pre-requisites: • Basic knowledge of computers. User-level UNIX and/or PC administration experience can help, but is not required. • Use of Internet technologies like web and email.

4. What We Explore… • The concepts and theories behind computer networking. • Network architectures • Network protocols and “packet-level” analysis • How network protocols and applications are used in the “real world” • Introduction to network hardware components • Basic concepts in network troubleshooting and support • Trends in computer networks today

5. Specific Topics… • OSI Model, network layers, Internet Protocol, Transmission Control Protocol, Link Layer Protocols, the Internet. • ARP, RAPR, ICMP, IP Routing, CIDR, networking utilities, Routing algorithms and Protocols like RIPv1/2, OSPF, BGP, etc. • TCP, UDP, TCP/IP and packet delivery • Application layers: DNS, FTP, HTTP, NNTP, SMTP, SNMP • Multicast technologies and tools, MBONE • Security, MAC Protocols, Advanced topics • Operating system specifics, Microsoft NetBIOS • Overview of networking hardware

6. How we learn… • Lectures • Slides • Internet Resources • Book: TCP/IP, Signature Edition by Sidnie Feit (1999, McGraw Hill) • Websites: Class notes and slides:http://www.cju.com/classes/ITI510-02 • Hands on exercises • By asking lots of questions….

7. Instructor • Christopher Uriarte • Email: chris@cju.com • Office: 732-847-6249 • Call or email anytime

8. Agenda: Meeting 1 • Introduction to networks • Network devices – high level overview • LAN vs. WAN • OSI • Packet Overview • IP – The Internet Protocol • A few small Exercises

9. What is a computer network? • Formal Definition: Computer Network • A series of points or nodesinterconnected by communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other networks and contain subnetworks. • Simple Definition: Computer Network • Connecting computers and/or devices in such a way that they can interact with each other.

10. Characterizing Networks • Sometimes characterized by Topology • i.e. bus, star or ring network • …by Spatial Distance • Wide Area Network, Local Area Network • …by Type of Data Transmission or what it carries • IP Network, Voice Network, Data Network • …by Type of Physical Link • Fiber Optic Network, Ethernet Network,

11. Network Topology • In the context of communication networks, a topology pictorially describes the configuration or arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines. • Three general network topologies: • Bus • Star • Ring

12. Bus Networks • A bus network is a network topology in which all devices are directly attached to a line and all signals pass through each of the devices. Each device has a unique identity and can recognize those signals intended for it. • “Single String” of network wire • Antiquated technologies such as 10Base2 are considered a bus network.

13. Examples of Bus Networks • A single wire or a group of small wires is used to create one data path that all traffic flows through. • 2 simple examples:

14. Bus Networks: Advantages and Disadvantages • Disadvantages: • If one single point in the network is severed, hosts may experience connectivity loss • Possible bandwidth constraints

15. Ring Networks • Each device is attached along the same signal path to two other devices, forming a path in the shape of a ring. • Each device in the ring has a unique address. • Information usually flows in one direction and there is usually a controlling device that intercepts and manages the flow to and from the ring. • Popular ring network technologies are Token Ring and FDDI

16. Examples of Ring Networks • Simple Example of a Ring Network:

17. Ring Networks: Advantages and Disadvantages • Advantages: • If a single point of the physical cable is detached, traffic can begin to flow in an the opposite direction – no loss of connectivity. • Disadvantages: • Possible bandwidth constraints – one single pipe for all traffic • In most cases, every computer sees every bit of traffic across the ring

18. Star Topology • Each device has a unique path to a central point that distributes data • Each device “hangs” off of a piece of hardware, such as a hub or a switch • Very popular today: Traditional 10BaseT, 100BaseT Ethernet networks use this topology.

19. Example of Star Networks

20. Advantages of Star Networks • A single cable break will usually only disrupt service for a single host within a local network segment. • Newer technologies allow you to dedicated and guarantee high bandwidth rates for each individual host or network hanging off of a central switch. • The ability to eliminate packet broadcasts – every computers does not have to see every packet on the network.

21. Where Networks are Going… • 10 Years ago: The 80/20 Rule • 80% of all traffic stays on the LOCAL network and only 20% of traffic is sent off to other networks or to the network “backbone” • Typically describes the “workgroup” model of computing: access devices on your local network like file servers, printers, other workstations. • Today: The 20/80 Rule • 20% or all traffic stays on the LOCAL network and 80% of traffic is sent to other networks or the network backbone. • Cause by the Increased use of WAN technologies and distributed computing models.

22. LAN vs. WAN • Local Area Networks (LANs): a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line and typically share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area like an office building. Usually privately-owned. • Wide Area Networks (WANs): a geographically dispersed network. It may be privately owned or rented, but the term usually connotes the inclusion of public (shared user) networks like the Internet or the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) • We may use different network technologies, protocols, hardware, etc. to connect devices within a WAN than we use when connecting devices in a LAN.

23. The OSI Model • OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a standard description or "reference model" for how messages should be transmitted between any two points in a telecommunication network. • Its purpose is to guide product implementers so that their products will consistently work with other products. • Developed by representatives of major computer and telecommunication companies in 1983 – now a standard way of examining computer network technologies.

24. The OSI 7 Layer Model • The general OSI model contains 7 layers (layers 1-7 respectively): • Physical • Data Link • Network • Transport • Session • Presentation • Application • Each layer has a specific function

25. Depiction of the 7 Layer Model • Layer 7 (Application) is a “high layer” • Layer 1 (Physical is a low layer) Netscape, Outlook, FTP Programs, Internet Explorer APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATALINK PHYSICAL HTTP, POP, SMTP Application ports 25 (SMTP), 23 (Telnet) etc. TCP, UDP IP SLIP, PPP, Ethernet Cables, ASDL, POTS, CAT5, FDDI, etc.

26. TCP/IP 5 Layer Model • TCP/IP, a very popular protocol used in LANs, WANs and the Internet, usually groups the 7-layer model’s Application, Presentation and Session layers into one “Application” layer, resulting in a 5 layer model. APPLICATION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATALINK PHYSICAL Web Services, Email Services, News Services, etc. TCP, UDP IP SLIP, PPP, Ethernet Cables, ASDL, POTS, CAT5, FDDI, etc.

27. Description of the 5 Main OSI Layers (5 Layer Model) • Layer 5: The application layer...This is the layer at which communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. (e.g. Funcationality provided by web browsers, mail reader programs and their associated protocols like HTTP and SMTP) • Layer 4: The transport layer...This layer manages the end-to-end control and error-checking of network traffic. It checks to see if all packets have arrived and ensures complete data transfer between parties. (e.g. TCP and UDP protcols)

28. OSI Layers, con’t. • Layer 3: The network layer...This layer handles the routing of outgoing data (making sure that a packet is sent to the right place) and also handles incoming data. (e.g. IP) • Layer 2: The data-link layer... This layer defines the rules for sending and receiving data across the physical connection between two systems. (e.g. Ethernet, PPP, SLIP) • Layer 1: The physical layer... This layer governs hardware connections and byte preparation for transmissions. It is the only layer that involves a physical transfer of information between network nodes. It’s usually responsible for translating electrical impulses into 1s and 0s.

29. Sending and Receiving Data • Layers only interact with other layers directly above and below them. • When data is sent, it originates at the application layer and moves “down” the OSI layers until it is transmitted to another host. • When data arrives, it originates at the physical layer and moves up the OSI model until it’s received by the application layer.

30. Typical Flow From Layer to Layer: Sending Data Move from Top to Bottom You use MS Outlook to send an email to your friend, friend@hotmail.com. The Email “packets” are sent to the Transport Layer APPLICATION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATALINK PHYSICAL The transport layer takes the email and packages it in a format that ensures it will be completely delivered. The Network layer makes sure the email knows how to get to the hotmail.com server The DLL converts the information from the layers above into 1s and 0s that can be understood by a “peer” on the other end of the phone line or network connection (e.g. your ISP’s modem?) The physical layer creates the necessary electrical impulses and trasmits the data over the physical medium. Email Sent

31. Typical Flow from Layer to Layer: Receiving Data Move from Bottom to Top Your email server receives the full email from the Transport layer and you use a client program (Outlook, Eudora) to read it. APPLICATION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATALINK PHYSICAL The transport ensures that all the pieces of the email have arrived. When it has, it’s passed to the application layer. The Network layer verifies where the email originated from (e.g. What IP address?) The DLL converts 1s and 0s received from the physical layer and passes them onto the network layer The physical layer decodes the electrical impulses it receives into 1s and 0s Email Arrives

32. OSI Example Diagram

33. OSI Points • The OSI model allows hardware and software manufacturers to keep a limited scope when developing and manufacturing • A vendor only has to create a product that can function within its specific layer and interact with only the layers directly above and below • For example, a manufacturer of network cards need only know how to operate within the Physical layer and how to pass data to the Data Link layer – the network card does not need to know anything about the network, transport or application layers. • Example 2: If you are writing a web browser (Application layer), you only need to know how to interact with the Transport layer (usually referred to as the TCP Stack within an operating system)

34. Introduction to the Internet • The Internet is a global network that is comprised of smaller networks owned by commercial entities, educational institutions, government agencies, etc. • No one “owns” the Internet. • Traffic is carried through the Internet using a hardware (physical layer) and communication links (data link layer). • Host-to-host communication is accomplished using TCP/IP or UDP/IP – the combination of the TCP or UDP transmission layer protocols and the IP (Internet Protocol) network-layer protocol.

35. IP – The Internet Protocol • In an IP network, individual hosts are distinguished by a unique address, known as an “IP address” • An IP address is comprised of four Octals (8-bit numbers), separated by a decimal point, e.g.: • 126.14.34.18 • Each decimal number (126, 14, 34, 18, etc.) has a BINARY equivalent that is used many network equations. • 128.14.34.18 = 10000000.00001110. 00100010. 00010010

36. IP Networks • Internet service providers (ISPs) are assigned blocks of IP addresses, which they are free to use on their Internal networks. • ISPs form “peering agreements” with other service providers so they have a pathway other other provider's networks. • ISP networks are connected through hardware devices knows as routers, which are responsible for directing traffic to and from other networks.

37. IP Networks - Example SPRINT Network 24.*.*.* IP Block Rutgers Network 128.6.*.* IP Block Rutgers obtains connectivity to the Internet from UUNET, their Internet Service Provider UUNET peers with Sprint, which gives UUNET access to Sprint-connected networks and Sprint access to UUNET networks. UUNET Network 63.*.*.* IP Block = Router

38. IP Addresses: The Numbers Behind the Name • The “common” internet hostnames we use everyday (www.yahoo.com, iti.rutgers.edu, etc.) all have corresponding IP addresses behind them. • Routers move packets and messages from network to network based on IP address – not based on hostname.

39. Class Exercise: Introduction to Binary Numbers… • 1’s and 0’s = on and off • Question: What is: 1 + 1 ------- ???