ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 16TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES .

1. THE CIVIL WAR IDENTIFY KEY EVENTS, ISSUES, AND INDIVIDUALS RELATING TO THE CAUSES, COURSE, AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE CIVIL WAR. WHAT WERE THE KEY EVENTS, ISSUES, AND INDIVIDUALS RELATING TO THE CAUSES, COURSE, AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE CIVIL WAR? ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 16TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH • INDUSTRY AND IMMIGRATION IN NORTH • NORTHERN INDUSTRY MAKES LARGE AMOUNT AND • VARIETY OF PRODUCTS • RAILROADS CARRY RAW MATERIALS EAST AND FINISHED • PRODUCTS AND SETTLERS WEST • - SMALL TOWNS QUICKLY BECOME CITIES • - TELEGRAPH PROVIDES FAST COMMUNICATION • IMMIGRANTS BECOME INDUSTRIAL WORKERS AND FEAR • EXPANSION OF SLAVERY • - SLAVE LABOR MIGHT COMPETE WITH FREE LABOR • - COULD REDUCE STATUS OF WHITE WORKERS • UNABLE TO COMPETE

3. AGRICULTURE AND SLAVERY IN SOUTH • SOUTH PREDOMINANTLY RURAL WITH MOSTLY • PLANTATIONS AND SMALL FARMS • ECONOMY RELIES ON CASH CROPS WITH LITTLE INDUSTRY • FEW IMMIGRANTS • FREE AND ENSLAVED AFRICAN BLACKS MEET • LABOR NEEDS • IN THREE STATES BLACKS ARE MAJORITY • IN TWO ARE HALF OF POPULATION • WHITES FEAR RESTRICTION OF SLAVERY WILL • CHANGE SOCIETY AND ECONOMY

4. TENSION IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA • STEPHEN DOUGLAS’ POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY • BELIEVES PEOPLE WANT TERRITORIES • INCORPORATED INTO UNION • WANTS RAILROAD WEST FROM CHICAGO AND • THINKS EXPANSION WILL HELP DEMOCRATS • FEELS POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY ON SLAVERY • BEST WAY TO ORGANIZE NEW STATES • THINKS SLAVERY UNWORKABLE IN PRAIRIE • FARMS BUT SEEKS SOUTH’S SUPPORT • THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT • DOUGLAS’ BILL REPEALS MISSOURI • COMPROMISE AND BITTER DEBATE ENSUES • KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT ALLOWS POPULAR • SOVEREIGNTY ON SLAVERY

5. VIOLENCE ERUPTS IN “BLEEDING KANSAS” • RACE FOR KANSAS • NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SETTLERS POUR • INTO KANSAS TERRITORY • MOST SETTLERS SENT BY ANTISLAVERY • EMIGRANT AID SOCIETIES • IN 1855 KANSAS HOLDS ELECTION FOR • TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE • PROSLAVERY “BORDER RUFFIANS” VOTE • ILLEGALLY AND WIN FRAUDULENT MAJORITY • PROSLAVERY GOVERNMENT IN LECOMPTON WITH ANTISLAVERY RIVAL IN TOPEKA • “THE SACK OF LAWRENCE” • PROSLAVERY GRAND JURY BRANDS PEOPLE • OF ANTISLAVERY LAWRENCE TRAITORS • - POSSE OF 800 BURNS AND LOOTS TOWN

6. “THE POTTAWATOMIE MASSACRE” • ABOLITIONIST JOHN BROWN BELIEVES • GOD WANTS HIM TO FIGHT SLAVERY • BROWN AND FOLLOWERS VIOLENTLY KILL • FIVE MEN IN “POTTAWATOMIE MASSACRE” • TERRITORY CALLED BLEEDING KANSAS • FOR INCIDENTS THAT KILL SOME 200 • VIOLENCE IN SENATE • SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER VERBALLY • ATTACKS COLLEAGUES AND SLAVERY • CONGRESSMAN PRESTON S. BROOKS • BEATS SUMNER FOR INSULTS TO UNCLE • SOUTHERNERS APPLAUD BROOKS AND • NORTHERNERS CONDEMN HIM

7. NEW POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGE • SLAVERY DIVIDES WHIGS • NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN WHIGS SPLIT OVER SLAVERY • IN 1852 ELECTIONS • DEMOCRAT FRANKLIN PIERCE ELECTED PRESIDENT IN • 1852 • WHIG PARTY SPLINTERS AFTER KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT • OF 1854 • NATIVISM • BELIEF IN FAVORING NATIVE-BORN AMERICANS OVER • IMMIGRANTS • NATIVISTS FORM AMERICAN PARTY (1854) KNOWN AS • KNOW-NOTHING PARTY • MIDDLE-CLASS PROTESTANTS AFRAID OF CATHOLICISM • SPLIT OVER SLAVERY

8. ANTISLAVERY PARTIES FORM • FORERUNNER OF REPUBLICAN PARTY • LIBERTY PARTY PURSUES ABOLITION • THROUGH LAWS AND AFFECTS 1844 • ELECTION • FREE-SOILERS • FREE-SOIL PARTY OPPOSES EXTENSION • OF SLAVERY INTO TERRITORIES • MANY FREE-SOILERS SUPPORT • RESTRICTIONS ON BLACKS • OBJECT TO SLAVERY’S IMPACT ON WHITE • WAGE-BASED LABOR FORCE • CONVINCED OF CONSPIRACY TO SPREAD • SLAVERY THROUGHOUT UNITED STATES

9. REPUBLICAN PARTY • UNHAPPY WHIGS, DEMOCRATS, AND FREE- • SOILERS FORM REPUBLICAN PARTY • HORACE GREELEY AN ABOLITIONIST HELPS • FOUND REPUBLICAN PARTY • REPUBLICANS OPPOSE SLAVERY IN • TERRITORIES • MAIN COMPETITION FOR VOTERS IS KNOW- • NOTHING PARTY • THE 1856 ELECTION • REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE IS JOHN C. FRÉMONT • DEMOCRAT JAMES BUCHANAN ELECTED AND SECESSION AVERTED

10. SLAVERY DOMINATES POLITICS • DRED SCOTT DECISION • DRED SCOTT A SLAVE WHO HAD LIVED IN FREE AREAS • SUES FOR FREEDOM • CHIEF JUSTICE ROGER B. TANEY HANDS DOWN • DECISION • - SLAVES DO NOT HAVE RIGHTS OF CITIZENS • - NO CLAIM TO FREEDOM SINCE SUIT BEGUN IN • SLAVE STATE • - CONGRESS CANNOT FORBID SLAVERY IN • TERRITORIES • LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION • PROSLAVERY KANSAS GOVERNMENT WRITES • CONSTITUTION AND SEEKS STATEHOOD • REFERENDUM VOTES DOWN CONSTITUTION BUT • PRESIDENT BUCHANAN ENDORSES IT

11. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES • LINCOLN CHALLENGES DOUGLAS • REPUBLICAN ABRAHAM LINCOLN RUNS FOR • DOUGLAS’S SENATE SEAT • LINCOLN CHALLENGES DOUGLAS TO SEVEN • DEBATES • POSITIONS AND ARGUMENTS • DOUGLAS: SLAVERY NOT IMMORAL • LINCOLN: SLAVERY IMMORAL • DOUGLAS THINKS POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY • WILL UNDO SLAVERY • LINCOLN THINKS LEGISLATION NEEDED TO • STOP SPREAD OF SLAVERY • BOTH MEN DISTORT OTHER’S VIEWS AND • MAKE THEM SEEM EXTREME

12. FREEPORT DOCTRINE • LINCOLN: HOW TO FORM FREE STATES IF • TERRITORIES MUST ALLOW SLAVERY • DOUGLAS’S FREEPORT DOCTRINE: ELECT • LEADERS WHO DO NOT ENFORCE SLAVERY • DOUGLAS WINS SEAT AND DOCTRINE • WORSENS REGIONAL SPLIT BETWEEN • DEMOCRATS • LINCOLN’S ATTACKS ON “VAST MORAL • EVIL” OF SLAVERY DRAW ATTENTION

13. PASSIONS IGNITE • HARPERS FERRY • JOHN BROWN PLANS TO START A SLAVE • UPRISING AND NEEDS WEAPONS • LEADS BAND TO CAPTURE FEDERAL • ARSENAL IN HARPERS FERRY TO GET ARMS • UNITED STATES MARINES PUT DOWN • REBELLION AND CAPTURE BROWN • JOHN BROWN’S HANGING • BROWN IS HANGED FOR HIGH TREASON • MANY NORTHERNERS ADMIRE BROWN AND • SOUTHERNERS FEAR FUTURE UPRISINGS

14. LINCOLN ELECTED PRESIDENT • REPUBLICAN CONVENTION • OVERFLOWING CROWD ATTENDS • PRESIDENTIAL CONVENTION IN CHICAGO • SEWARD AND LINCOLN • SENATOR WILLIAM H. SEWARD EXPECTED TO • WIN NOMINATION • LINCOLN WINS NOMINATION • - SEEN AS MORE MODERATE THAN SEWARD • - TELLS SOUTH WILL NOT MEDDLE WITH • SLAVES BUT SOUTH FEELS THREATENED • ELECTION OF 1860 • DEMOCRATS SPLIT OVER SLAVERY • LINCOLN WINS WITH LESS THAN HALF OF • POPULAR VOTE • - GETS NO SOUTHERN ELECTORAL VOTES

15. SOUTHERN SECESSION • SHAPING OF THE CONFEDERACY • SOUTH CAROLINA AND 6 OTHER STATES SECEDE: • - WANT COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE FROM FEDERAL • CONTROL • - FEAR END TO THEIR WAY OF LIFE • - WANT TO PRESERVE SLAVE LABOR SYSTEM • FEBRUARY 1861 CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA • FORMS • CONFEDERACY PERMITS SLAVERY AND RECOGNIZES • EACH STATE’S SOVEREIGNTY • FORMER SENATOR JEFFERSON DAVIS UNANIMOUSLY • ELECTED PRESIDENT • CALM BEFORE THE STORM • BUCHANAN CALLS SECESSION ILLEGAL BUT • SAYS ALSO ILLEGAL TO STOP IT • MASS RESIGNATIONS FROM GOVERNMENT • IN WASHINGTON, D.C.

16. CONFEDERATES FIRE ON FORT SUMTER • THE CONFEDERACY TAKES CONTROL • CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS TAKE OVER UNITED STATES • GOVERNMENT AND MILITARY INSTALLATIONS • FORT SUMTER—UNION OUTPOST IN CHARLESTON • HARBOR • CONFEDERATES DEMAND SURRENDER OF FORT • SUMTER • PRESIDENT LINCOLN’S DILEMMA • REINFORCING FORT SUMTER BY FORCE WOULD • LEAD REST OF SLAVE STATES TO SECEDE • EVACUATING FORT SUMTER WOULD LEGITIMIZE • CONFEDERACY AND ENDANGER UNION

17. FIRST SHOTS • PRESIDENT LINCOLN DOES NOT REINFORCE OR • EVACUATE AND JUST SENDS FOOD • FOR CONFEDERATES NO ACTION WOULD DAMAGE • SOVEREIGNTY OF CONFEDERACY • PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAVIS CHOOSES TO TURN • PEACEFUL SECESSION INTO WAR • - FIRES ON SUMTER APRIL 12, 1861

18. VIRGINIA SECEDES • FALL OF FORT SUMTER UNITES NORTH AND VOLUNTEERS • RUSH TO ENLIST • VIRGINIA UNWILLING TO FIGHT CONFEDERACY SECEDES • FROM UNION • - ANTISLAVERY WESTERN COUNTIES SECEDE FROM • VIRGINIA • THREE MORE STATES SECEDE • BORDER STATES REMAIN IN UNION

19. AMERICANS EXPECT A SHORT WAR • UNION AND CONFEDERATE STRATEGIES • UNION ADVANTAGES: SOLDIERS, FACTORIES, • FOOD, AND RAILROADS • CONFEDERATE ADVANTAGES: COTTON PROFITS, • MILITARY LEADERS, AND MOTIVATION • UNION STRATEGY: OFFENSIVE (ANACONDA PLAN) • TO CONQUER CONFEDERACY • - BLOCKADE CONFEDERATE PORTS • - DIVIDE CONFEDERACY IN TWO • - CAPTURE RICHMOND THE CONFEDERATE • CAPITAL • CONFEDERATE STRATEGY: DEFENSIVE AND • INVADE NORTH IF OPPORTUNITY ARISES

20. BULL RUN • BULL RUN—FIRST BATTLE NEAR • WASHINGTON IS A CONFEDERATE VICTORY • CONFEDERATE GENERAL THOMAS J. • JACKSON CALLED STONEWALL JACKSON FOR • FIRM STAND IN BATTLE

21. UNION ARMIES IN WEST • PROTECTING WASHINGTON, D.C. • AFTER BULL RUN PRESIDENT LINCOLN • CALLS FOR ONE MILLION ADDITIONAL • UNION SOLDIERS • PRESIDENT LINCOLN APPOINTS • GENERAL GEORGE MCCLELLAN TO LEAD • UNION ARMY OF THE POTOMAC • FORTS HENRY AND DONELSON • GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT—BRAVE, • TOUGH, AND DECISIVE UNION COMMANDER • IN WEST • FEBRUARY 1862 GRANT CAPTURES • CONFEDERATE FORTS HENRY AND DONELSON

23. SHILOH • MARCH 1862 CONFEDERATE TROOPS SURPRISE • UNION SOLDIERS AT SHILOH • GENERAL GRANT COUNTERATTACKS AND • CONFEDERATES RETREAT • THOUSANDS ARE DEAD OR WOUNDED • SHILOH TEACHES PREPARATION NEEDED AND • THAT CONFEDERACY IS VULNERABLE IN WEST • FARRAGUT ON THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI • APRIL 1862 ADMIRAL DAVID G. FARRAGUT • COMMANDS UNION FLEET THAT TAKES NEW • ORLEANS

24. REVOLUTION IN WARFARE • IRONCLADS • NEW IRONCLAD SHIPS INSTRUMENTAL IN UNION • VICTORIES OF GENERAL GRANT AND ADMIRAL • FARRAGUT IN THE WEST • IRONCLADS SPLINTER WOODEN SHIPS, • WITHSTAND CANNON SHOTS, AND RESIST • BURNING • MARCH 1862 UNION’S MONITORAND • CONFEDERATE’S MERRIMACK FIGHT TO A DRAW • NEW WEAPONS • RIFLES ARE MORE ACCURATE, FASTER LOADING, • AND FIRE MORE ROUNDS THAN MUSKETS • MINIÉ BALL (MORE DESTRUCTIVE BULLET), • GRENADES, AND LAND MINES ARE USED • FIGHTING FROM TRENCHES AND BARRICADES A • NEW ADVANTAGE AGAINST INFANTRY ATTACKS

26. WAR FOR THE CAPITALS • “ON TO RICHMOND” • UNION GENERAL MCCLELLAN WAITS TO • ATTACK RICHMOND AND DRILLS TROOPS FOR • FIVE MONTHS • SPRING 1862 GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE TAKES • COMMAND OF CONFEDERATE ARMY OF • NOTHERN VIRGINIA • LEE AND MCCLELLAN FIGHT SEVEN DAYS’ • BATTLE • UNION LEAVES RICHMOND AREA

27. ANTIETAM • LEE WINS SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN AND MARCHES INTO • MARYLAND • LEE AND MCCLELLAN CLASH AT ANTIETAM—BLOODIEST SINGLE- • DAY • BATTLE A STANDOFF AND CONFEDERATES RETREAT BUT • MCCLELLAN DOES NOT PURSUE • - PRESIDENT LINCOLN FIRES MCCLELLAN

28. BRITAIN REMAINS NEUTRAL • BRITAIN PURSUES ITS OWN INTERESTS • BRITAIN HAS COTTON INVENTORY AND NEW • SOURCES AND DOES NOT NEED SOUTHERN COTTON • BRITAIN NEEDS NORTHERN WHEAT AND CORN AND • CHOOSES NEUTRALITY • THE TRENT AFFAIR • CONFEDERATE DIPLOMATS TRAVEL ON • BOARD THE SHIP TRENT TO GET BRITISH • AND FRENCH SUPPORT • UNITED STATES NAVY ARRESTS THEM AND • PRESIDENT LINCOLN FREES THEM AVERTING • POSSIBLE WAR WITH BRITAIN

29. PROCLAIMING EMANCIPATION • PRESIDENT LINCOLN’S VIEW OF SLAVERY • FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAS NO POWER TO • ABOLISH SLAVERY WHERE IT EXISTS • PRESIDENT LINCOLN DECIDES UNION ARMY • CAN EMANCIPATE SLAVES WHO LABOR FOR • CONFEDERACY • EMANCIPATION DISCOURAGES BRITAIN • FROM SUPPORTING THE SOUTH • EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION • EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: • - FREES SLAVES BEHIND CONFEDERATE • LINES • - DOES NOT APPLY TO AREAS OCCUPIED • BY UNION OR SLAVE STATES IN UNION

30. TWO PAGES FROM THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION ANNOUNCED BY PRESIDENT LINCOLN SEPTEMBER 22, 1862. IT WENT INTO EFFECT JANUARY 1, 1863

31. REACTIONS TO THE PROCLAMATION • PROCLAMATION HAS SYMBOLIC VALUE AND • GIVES WAR HIGH MORAL PURPOSE • FREE BLACKS WELCOME ABILITY TO FIGHT • AGAINST SLAVERY • NORTHERN DEMOCRATS CLAIM WILL • ANTAGONIZE SOUTH AND PROLONG WAR • CONFEDERACY BECOMES MORE • DETERMINED TO PRESERVE WAY OF LIFE • COMPROMISE NO LONGER POSSIBLE AND • ONE SIDE MUST DEFEAT THE OTHER

32. BOTH SIDES FACE POLITICAL PROBLEMS • DEALING WITH DISSENT • NEITHER SIDE COMPLETELY UNIFIED WITH BOTH • SIDES FACING DIVIDED LOYALTIES • PRESIDENT LINCOLN SUSPENDS HABEAS CORPUS: • - ORDER TO BRING ACCUSED TO COURT AND • NAME CHARGES • PRESIDENT LINCOLN SEIZES TELEGRAPH OFFICES • SO THEY CANNOT BE USED FOR SUBVERSION • COPPERHEADS—NORTHERN DEMOCRATS • ADVOCATING PEACE—AMONG THOSE ARRESTED • PRESIDENT DAVIS DENOUNCES PRESIDENT • LINCOLN THEN SUSPENDS HABEAS CORPUS IN • SOUTH • PRESIDENT LINCOLN EXPANDS PRESIDENTIAL • POWERS WHICH SETS A PRECEDENT

34. CONSCRIPTION • CASUALTIES AND DESERTIONS LEAD TO • CONSCRIPTION—DRAFT TO SERVE IN ARMY • BOTH ARMIES ALLOW DRAFTEES TO HIRE • SUBSTITUTES TO SERVE FOR THEM • PLANTERS WITH MORE THAN 20 SLAVES • EXEMPTED • 90% OF ELIGIBLE SOUTHERNERS SERVE • AND 92% OF NORTHERN SOLDIERS • VOLUNTEER • DRAFT RIOTS • WHITE WORKERS FEAR SOUTHERN BLACKS • WILL COME NORTH AND COMPETE FOR JOBS • ANGRY AT HAVING TO FREE SLAVES MOBS • RAMPAGE THROUGH NEW YORK CITY

35. BLACKS FIGHT FOR FREEDOM • BLACK SOLDIERS • BLACKS 1% OF NORTH’S MALE POPULATION • WERE BY WAR’S END 10% OF ARMY • LOWER PAY THAN WHITE TROOPS FOR MOST • OF WAR AND LIMITS ON MILITARY RANK • HIGH MORTALITY FROM DISEASE AND POWS • KILLED OR RETURNED TO SLAVERY • FORT PILLOW, TENNESSEE—CONFEDERATES • MASSACRE OVER 200 BLACK POWS • SLAVE RESISTANCE IN THE CONFEDERACY • SLAVES SEEK FREEDOM BEHIND UNION ARMY • LINES • ON PLANTATIONS THEY DESTROY PROPERTY • AND REFUSE TO GO WITH FLEEING OWNERS

37. WAR AFFECTS REGIONAL ECONOMIES • SOUTHERN SHORTAGES • FOOD SHORTAGES FROM LOST MANPOWER, • UNION OCCUPATION, AND LOSS OF SLAVES • BLOCKADE CREATES OTHER SHORTAGES AND • SOME CONFEDERATES TRADE WITH ENEMY • NORTHERN ECONOMIC GROWTH • INDUSTRIES THAT SUPPLY ARMY BOOM AND • SOME CONTRACTORS PROFIT FROM CHEATING • WAGES DO NOT KEEP UP WITH PRICES AND • WORKERS’ STANDARD OF LIVING DROPS • WOMEN REPLACE MEN ON FARMS, CITY JOBS, • AND GOVERNMENT JOBS • UNITED STATES CONGRESS ESTABLISHES FIRST • INCOME TAX ON EARNINGS TO PAY FOR WAR

38. SOLDIERS SUFFER ON BOTH SIDES • LIVES ON THE LINES • LACK OF SANITATION AND PERSONAL • HYGIENE LEAD TO DISEASE IN CAMP • DIETS ARE UNVARIED, LIMITED, AND • UNAPPEALING • CIVIL WAR MEDICINE • UNITED STATES SANITARY COMMISSION • WORKS TO BETTER HYGIENE AND HIRE • AND TRAIN NURSES • - DOROTHEA DIX SUPERINTENDENT OF • WOMEN NURSES • - UNION DEATH RATE DROPS • SURGEON GENERAL ORDERS AT LEAST • 1/3 OF UNION NURSES BE WOMEN • UNION NURSE CLARA BARTON SERVES ON • FRONT LINES • SOUTHERN WOMEN ALSO VOLUNTEER AS • CONFEDERATE NURSES

40. PRISONS • LIVING CONDITIONS IN PRISONS WORSE • THAN IN ARMY CAMPS • ANDERSONVILLE, GEORGIA —WORST • CONFEDERATE PRISON • - HAS NO SHELTER OR SANITATION • - 1/3 OF PRISONERS DIE • UNION PRISONS HAVE MORE SPACE, FOOD, • AND SHELTER THAN CONFEDERATE • 12% OF CONFEDERATE PRISONERS AND 15% • OF UNION PRISONERS DIE

42. ARMIES CLASH AT GETTYSBURG • PRELUDE TO GETTYSBURG • MAY 1863 SOUTH DEFEATS NORTH AT • CHANCELLORSVILLE • GENERAL STONEWALL JACKSON MISTAKENLY • SHOT BY OWN TROOPS • - DIES EIGHT DAYS LATER OF PNEUMONIA • LEE INVADES NORTH TO GET SUPPLIES AND • IN SUPPORT OF NORTHERN DEMOCRATS • GETTYSBURG • THREE-DAY BATTLE CRIPPLES SOUTH AND • IS TURNING POINT OF WAR • CONFEDERATES GO TO FIND SHOES AND • MEET UNION CAVALRY • JULY 1 CONFEDERATES DRIVE UNION BACK • AND TAKE TOWN

44. THE SECOND DAY • CONFEDERATES ATTACK UNION ON CEMETERY • RIDGE • UNION REPULSES REPEATED ATTACKS ON • LITTLE ROUND TOP • MANY EXHAUSTED CONFEDERATES • SURRENDER AND UNION LINE HOLDS • THE THIRD DAY • ARMIES EXCHANGE VICIOUS ARTILLERY FIRE • GENERAL LEE ORDERS ATTACK ON UNION LINES • AND UNION CUTS DOWN CONFEDERATES • GENERAL MEADE DOES NOT COUNTERATTACK • AND LEE RETREATS TO VIRGINIA • - STAGGERING LOSSES ON BOTH SIDES

45. GENERAL GRANT WINS AT VICKSBURG • VICKSBURG UNDER SIEGE • VICKSBURG PREVENTS UNION FROM CONTROLLING MISSISSIPPI • SPRING 1863 UNION DESTROYS MISSISSIPPI RAIL LINES AND • SACKS JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI • GENERAL GRANT’S ASSAULTS ON VICKSBURG FAILS AND HE • BEGINS A SIEGE IN MAY • STARVING CONFEDERATES SURRENDER ON JULY 4 • PORT HUDSON, LOUISIANA FALLS FIVE DAYS LATER AND • CONFEDERACY COMPLETELY DIVIDED

46. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS • THE MEMORIAL CEREMONY • NOVEMBER 1863 CEREMONY HELD TO • DEDICATE CEMETERY AT GETTYSBURG • EDWARD EVERETT, NOTED SPEAKER, GIVES • FLOWERY TWO-HOUR SPEECH • PRESIDENT LINCOLN’S TWO-MINUTE • GETTYSBURGADDRESS ASSERTS UNITY OF • UNION • - HONORS DEAD SOLDIERS • - CALLS FOR LIVING TO DEDICATE SELVES • TO PRESERVE UNION AND FREEDOM

47. LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS • LINCOLN TRAVELED TO GETTYSBURG TO DEDICATE THE CEMETERY AND COMMEMORATE THE VICTORY. • HE GAVE HIS FAMOUS SPEECH ABOUT SACRIFICE SO THAT LIBERTY WOULD EXIST FOR ALL. DRAFT OF LINCOLN’S SPEECH FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH, UPON THIS CONTINENT, A NEW NATION, CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED TO THE PROPOSITION THAT “ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL”

48. CONFEDERACY WEARS DOWN • CONFEDERATE MORALE • CONFEDERATES UNABLE TO ATTACK HOPE TO UNDO • UNION’S MORALE AND GET AN ARMISTICE • CIVILIAN MORALE PLUMMETS AND PUBLIC CALLS • FOR PEACE • DISCORD IN GOVERNMENT PREVENTS PRESIDENT • DAVIS FROM GOVERNING EFFECTIVELY • GENERAL GRANT APPOINTS GENERAL SHERMAN • MARCH 1864 PRESIDENT LINCOLN APPOINTS GENERAL • GRANT COMMANDER OF ALL UNION ARMIES • GENERAL GRANT APPOINTS GENERAL WILLIAM • TECUMSEH SHERMAN COMMANDER OF MISSISSIPPI • MILITARY DIVISION • GENERAL GRANT AND GENERAL SHERMAN BELIEVE IN • TOTAL WAR TO DESTROY CONFEDERATE’S WILL TO • FIGHT

49. GENERAL GRANT AND GENERAL LEE IN VIRGINIA • GENERAL GRANT’S STRATEGY IS TO IMMOBILIZE LEE IN • VIRGINIA WHILE GENERAL SHERMAN RAIDS GEORGIA • MAY 1864–APRIL 1865 GENERAL GRANT AND GENERAL • LEE FIGHT MANY BATTLES • HEAVY LOSSES ON BOTH SIDES • UNION CAN REPLACE SOLDIERS CONFEDERACY CANNOT • GENERAL SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA • SEPTEMBER 1864 GENERAL SHERMAN TAKES ATLANTA • AND CONFEDERATES TRY TO CUT SUPPLY LINES • GENERAL SHERMAN CUTS WIDE PATH OF • DESTRUCTION IN GEORGIA AND LIVES OFF LAND • IN DECEMBER GENERAL SHERMAN TAKES SAVANNAH • AND TURNS NORTH TO HELP GENERAL GRANT FIGHT • GENERAL LEE • - INFLICTS EVEN MORE DESTRUCTION IN SOUTH • CAROLINA