PHYS 218 sec. 517-520

1. PHYS 218sec. 517-520 Review Chap. 8 Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions

2. What you have to know • Momentum and impulse • Momentum conservation • Various collision problems • The typical examples where momentum conservation is used are collisions! • Center of mass • Section 8.6 is not in the curriculum.

3. Newton’s 2nd law of motion This cannot be applied to the problems where mass m is changing. E.g. Rocket propulsion problem. (See Sec 9.6) Original form of the 2nd law of motion written by Newton Momentum is a vector quantity.

4. The impulse-momentum theorem Impulse Impulse is a vector quantity. Impulse-momentum theorem The change in momentum of a particle during a time interval equals the impulse of the net force.

5. Impulse General definition Impulse-momentum theorem Impulse: area under the curve of net force in F-t graph Large force for a short time Smalle force for a longer time Same impulse Same area

6. Momentum vs. Kinetic Energy Integral form of Newton’s 2nd law identical Differential form of Newton’s 2nd law

7. Ex 8.2 A ball hits a wall before after

8. Ex 8.3 This is a 2-dim. motion. First decompose the momentum into x and y directions After Before

9. Conservation of Momentum External force Internal forces Isolated system: External force = 0 Newton’s 2nd law Newton’s 3rd law You can add these forces to obtain the net (internal) force for the system The sum of these forces cannot be applied to a single object.

10. Conservation of Momentum Total momentum of an isolated system is conserved. Total momentum Momentum conservation gives a vector equation.

11. Ex 8.4 Recoil of a rifle Rifle + bullet Before Note that momentum conservation is valid for an isolated system. So it is useful when the system changes. Therefore, draw diagrams for “before” & “after” the event After Rifle bullet The negative sign means that the rifle is moving back! change the unit so that the both masses have the same unit

12. Ex 8.4 (cont’d) The sum of these two momenta vanishes as it should be. The kinetic energy is NOT conserved. The kinetic energy before the event was 0.

13. Ex 8.5 Collision along a straight line Before A B After If you have a collision problem, always use momentum conservation. A B

14. Ex 8.6 Collision in a horizontal plane Before After Again, we use momentum conservation. Also note that momentum is a vector quantity. Use the numbers above

15. Momentum conservation and collisions The key to solve collision problems is Momentum conservation. • At the instant of collision, very complex and very large forces are acting on the bodies. • Then the other forces can be neglected and the system is almost an isolated system. g momentum conservation can be applied • The forces are very complex and we do not know much about the forces. gmomentum conservation can give useful information for the motions of the colliding bodies Elastic collision If the forces between the colliding bodies are conservative, no mechanical energy is lost. The total kinetic energy of the system is conserved. For elastic collisions, the total momentum and the total kinetic energy of the system are conserved.

16. Inelastic collision In this collision, the total kinetic energy of the system after the collision is less than before the collision. The forces during the collision are non-conservative. Completely inelastic collision This is a special case of inelastic collisions. This is where the colliding bodies stick together and move as one body after the collision.

17. Completely inelastic collisions What happens to momentum and kinetic energy in a completely inelastic collision of two bodies Before A B After Consider a 1-dim collision where vB1 = 0 A B

18. Ex 8.8 The ballistic pendulum This is a device which can measure the speed of a bullet. (A) (B) Before collision Immediatelyafter collision Swing of the bodyafter collision One-body motion Collision process This gives a relation between v1 and v2. This gives a relation between v2and the height y. So, if you know y, you can know v2 and v1 Analyze this event in two stages !

19. Ex 8.8 (cont’d) The first stage: (A) collision The second stage: (B) one-body motion Combining the two By measuring the height y, you can know the speed of the bullet

20. Ex 8.9 Automobile collision Completely inelastic collision After Before

21. Elastic collisions Consider 1-dim elastic collision. Before A B After These give TWO equations. A B You now have TWO unknowns (the final velocities). Therefore, you can completely determine the unknowns.

22. Elastic collisions: one body initially at rest rearrange rearrange Before A B After A B

23. Before A B Before B A After A After B B A • The motion of the heavy object doesn’t change. • The light object moves in the direction of the heavy one but (two times) faster than the heavy one. • The motion of the heavy object doesn’t change. • The light object moves to the opposite direction but with same speed.

24. Elastic collisions & relative velocity The velocity of B relative to A after the collision The negative of the velocity of B relative to A before the collision If you watch the motion of A sitting on B, then you will see: A is approaching to B with speed v before the collision. After the collision, A is moving away from B with the same speed

25. Two-dim elastic collision (If this is a head-on collision, it is the same as the 1-dim collision.) Ex 8.12 Before FOUR unknowns after collision (two velocity vectors) After Momentum conservation gives two eqs. Kinetic energy conservation gives one eq. So totally THREE equations. To uniquely determine the final velocities, we need ONE more information for the final velocities

26. Ex 8.12 (cont’d)

27. Center of mass We now introduce the concept of center of mass (CM) i-th particle

28. Motion of the center of mass Total momentum of the system Momentum of the CM You can represent an extended object as a point-like particle; the total mass of the object is at its Center of Mass (CM)

29. When a shell explodes ` Motion of the CM This is the trajectory of the shell if it doesn’t explode.