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Harriet Martineau

Harriet Martineau. Classical Sociologists’ Timeline. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) Harriet Martineau (1802 –1876) Karl Marx (1818-1883) Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) Max Weber (1864-1920) Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)

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Harriet Martineau

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  1. Harriet Martineau

  2. Classical Sociologists’ Timeline • Auguste Comte (1798-1857) • Harriet Martineau (1802 –1876) • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) • Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) • George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) • Max Weber (1864-1920) • Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) • W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963)

  3. IMPORTANT !!! Before Durkheim, Engels, Marx, or Weber… Martineau examined social class, religion, suicide, national character, domestic relations, women’s status, criminology, and interrelations between institutions and individuals.

  4. Martineau’s life • Born June 12,1802 • Daughter of textile worker • Middle class • 6th of 8 children • Before age 16, lost her sense of smell, taste, and hearing

  5. Ear Trumpet

  6. Harriet Martineau • Single female in a very male-dominated economic world • Father: Died during 1820s • Fiancé: Mental & physical collapse • Remained single & independent • By 1829, committed to writing profession

  7. Harriet’s Work • Writer: Fictional and Sociological works • Pioneer in field of sociology

  8. Harriet’s Work • Work includes over 1,500 columns and about 61 books • An advocate for freedom and emancipation of women and slaves. • “… Is it to be understood that the principles of the Declaration of Independence bear no relation to half of the human race?” • Society in America (1837)

  9. Harriet Martineau • First “methodological essay” ever published, How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838) • Translated and abbreviated Comte’sPositive Philosophy • Spread Comte’s word far and wide • Comte had it retranslated into French

  10. Beliefs • Strong believer in feminism • First to speak on women being viewed as secondary partner in a relationship (marriage)

  11. Beliefs • Women could contribute more to society than just as a house wife • Talks of abuse that women endure • Revolutionary in helping women learn to fight back • Few followers: Unlike women to disobey husbands

  12. Activism • In 1869, supported the Ladies’ National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. • In 1886, the Acts were repealed • Call for repeal of laws that gave authority to police to detain and examine women on suspicion of prostitution as means to control the spread of syphilis and gonorrhea

  13. Society • Believed society had to be changed through social reforms • Belief in social reform: • Component of Necessarianism • Also reflects Unitarian background

  14. Necessarianism • Theory that every event • Including action of human will • Is necessary result of a sequence of causes • Determinism

  15. Unitarianism • Denies Trinity, God is one • Rejects doctrine of “original sin” • Unlimited nature of the Redemption by Christ • All souls will be saved • No hell

  16. Kate Middleton

  17. The Individual • Autonomous • Moral • Practical • Agent

  18. The Individual • Unitarian background encouraged her to see the quest for knowledge and the betterment of society as being • For the growth of the individual member of society

  19. Concept of society • Social interaction and human association existed for the happiness of the individual • Purpose of society: Serve social needs of individuals • To empower individuals to make their lives better

  20. Society • Autonomy essential to individual happiness and • Progress of society • The subjugation of women and the enslavement of other humans-> • Denied society assets that would be much more valuable if they (women and the enslaved) were allowed autonomy

  21. Harriet Martineau: Sociology of Slavery • Between 1834 and 1836, Martineau traveled through the United States • Indentured servitude of white immigrants had been abolished • Introducing any form of servitude was prohibited in Northern and Western regions of U.S.

  22. Harriet Martineau: Sociology of Slavery • Slavery confined to 13 Southern states that grew tobacco, rice, cotton, and sugar • Slave population 2.5 million

  23. Selfhood • Through autonomy,Individuals: • Explore boundaries of their intellectual capacity • Contribute to social progress

  24. Towards the End of Her Life… • Took trip to the Middle-East • Wrote Eastern Life Past and Present • After trip, she became an atheist • Left with very few supporters, including her family • In 1876, she died from an illness • Now remembered as the first woman sociologist

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