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ENFERMEDADES PULMONARES INTERSTICIALES. DR. ALFREDO DE LA CRUZ MUÑOZ Neumologo Internista Guatemala C.A. INFILTRACION INTERSTICIAL DIFUSA PULMONAR (IIDP). Las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales ( interstitial lung diseases, ILD)
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ENFERMEDADES PULMONARES INTERSTICIALES DR. ALFREDO DE LA CRUZ MUÑOZ Neumologo Internista Guatemala C.A.
INFILTRACION INTERSTICIAL DIFUSA PULMONAR (IIDP) • Las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales (interstitial lung diseases, ILD) • incluyen un gran número de enfermedades que afectan al parénquima del pulmón (los alvéolos, el epitelio alveolar, el endotelio capilar y los espacios entre estas estructuras, así como a los tejidos perivasculares y linfáticos).
Un criterio de utilidad para la clasificación consiste en separar a las ILD en dos grupos con base en la histopatología mayor subyacente: • 1) las que se acompañan de inflamación y fibrosis predominantes, y • 2) las que tienen como aspectos que predominan reacciones granulomatosas en las zonas intersticiales o vasculares
1. ALVEOLITIS, INFLAMACIÓN INTERSTICIAL Y FIBROSISa. causa conocida • Amianto/Asbesto • Humos, gases • Fármacos (antibióticos, amiodarona, oro) y agentes quimioterápicos • Radiación • Neumonía por aspiración • Secuela del síndrome apneico del adulto
b. CAUSA DESCONOCIDA • Neumonías intersticiales idiopáticas • Fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (neumonía intersticial ordinaria) • Neumonía intersticial descamativa • Enfermedad pulmonar intersticial asociada a bronquiolitis respiratoria • Neumonía intersticial aguda (lesión alveolar difusa) • Neumonía organizativa criptógena (bronquiolitis obliterante con neumonía organizativa) • Neumonía intersticial inespecífica
Enfermedades del tejido conjuntivo • Lupuseritematoso diseminado, artritisreumatoide, espondilitisanquilosante, esclerosissistémica, síndrome de Sjögren, polimiositis-dermatomiositis Síndromes de hemorragia pulmonar • Síndrome de Goodpasture, hemosiderosis pulmonar idiopática, capilaritispulmonar aislada Proteinosis pulmonar alveolar • Trastornos infiltrativos linfocitarios (neumonitis intersticial linfocítica asociada a una enfermedad del tejido conjuntivo) • Neumonías eosinófilas • Linfangioleiomiomatosis • Amiloidosis
Enfermedades heredadas • Esclerosis tuberosa, neurofibromatosis, enfermedad de Niemann-Pick, enfermedad de Gaucher, síndrome de Hermansky-Pudlak • Enfermedades digestivas o hepáticas (enfermedad de Crohn, cirrosis biliar primaria, hepatitis crónica activa, colitis ulcerosa) • Enfermedad del injerto contra hospedador (trasplante de médula ósea; trasplante de órganos sólidos)
2. RESPUESTA PULMONAR: GRANULOMATOSA • A. CAUSA CONOCIDA • Neumonitis por hipersensibilidad (polvos orgánicos) • Polvos inorgánicos: silicato de berilio
B. CAUSA DESCONOCIDA • Sarcoidosis • Granulomatosis de células de Langerhans (granulomaeosinófilo del pulmón) • Vasculitis granulomatosa • Granulomatosis de Wegener, granulomatosis alérgica de Churg-Strauss • Granulomatosisbroncocéntrica • Granulomatosislinfomatoide
IPF (IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS) AND CFA (CRYPTOGENIC FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS ) ARE SYNONYMOUS[2] AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PATTERN UIP.[
IPF or CFA classify patients according to histological entities Idiopathic Interstial Pneumonias (IIPS) • Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). 47 A 71% • desquamativeinterstitialpneumonia (DIP). • Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). • Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease (RBILD) • Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) • Lynphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP).
Cardinal features of IPF/UIP includedrycough, exertionaldyspnea, end-inspiratoryvelcrorales, diffuseparenchymalinfiltratesonchestradiographs, honeycombingon HRCT, a restrictivedefectonpulmonaryfunctiontests (PFTs), and impairedoxygenation.[2,3,42,43]Exertionaldyspneaprogressesinexorablyovermonthstoyears.[
HISTORIA NATURAL • The onset is indolent, but IPF/UIP progresses inexorably over months to years, with progressive fibrosis and destruction of lung parenchyma.[58] Spontaneous remissions do not occur,[5,56,63,64] but some patients stabilize following an initial decline.[53,56,58] Most patients die of respiratory failure within 3 to 8 years of onset of symptoms; mean survival is 2.8 to 3.6 years.[
EPIDEMIOLOGIA • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is rare, but precise data regarding incidence and prevalence are lacking. In 1988, 4,851 deaths in the United States were attributed to pulmonary fibrosis (ICD-9, 515, n = 4,694) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (ICD-9, 516.3, n = 157).[46
FACTORES DE RIEZGO • IPF/UIP is more common in males[43,56,75,78,83] and in current or former smokers.[53,65,75,76,83-85] Other risk factors include exposure to dusts or metals,[75] organic solvents,[86] and residence in agricultural or polluted urban areas
GENETICA • The mode of transmission of familial IPF is not known, but is believed to be autosomal dominant with variable penetrance in approximately 70% of cases; there is no clear mode of transmission in the remaining 30%
FUNCION PULMONAR • characteristically demonstrate reduced lung volumes [e.g., vital capacity (VC), and total lung capacity (TLC)]; normal or increased expiratory flow rates; increased forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced VC (FEV1/FVC) ratio; reduced diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO).[2,27,66,77,103-105] Hypoxemia or increased alveolar-arterial oxygen difference [p(A-a02)], which is accentuated by exercise, is a cardinal feature of IPF
TRATAMIENTO • In oneclinicalsurvey, 61% of IPF patientsunderage 70 weretreatedwithcorticosteroids, comparedwith 28% of patientsoverage 70.[44]Immunosuppressiveorcytotoxicagents are used in only 2 to 17% of patientswith IPF/CFA.[42,44,47,65]Othertreatmentoptions (albeitunproven) includecolchicine,[47,127,179,245] D-penicillamine,[245]perfenidone,[41] N-acetylcysteine (NAC),[179] and gamma-interferon
Treatment for IPF needs to be individualized • AZA (2-3 mg/kg/day, maximum daily dose 150 mg • oral CP (dose 1-2 mg/kg/day; maximum dose 150 mg/day) plus prednisone • corticosteroids (e.g., 0.5 mg/kg/day) can be tried.