Lectures 6 and 7 Spatial Data Infrastructures

1. Partnerships in Action Lectures 6 and 7Spatial Data Infrastructures Longley et al. Chapter 19

2. Partnerships = SDIs, Spatial Data Infrastructures

3. What is a National Spatial Data Infrastructure? • “The technology, policies, standards, and human resources necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute, and improve utilization of geospatial data.” Source: Presidential Executive Order #12906 (1994): “Co-ordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure” W. Clinton.

4. Partnerships via NSDIs • The problem: • Too much data duplication = waste • Not enough data duplication = respond to emergencies • Ad hoc data sharing has many difficulties • Data often tailored to one application • Best data often collected in greatest detail at local level but not accessible to regional or national folk • Indexes/metadata to available GI unknown until recently • No general protocols for any of this until NSDI…

5. Ground Zero site a few days after 9/11; the New York City Emergency Operations Center had been located in the World Trade Center complex and was destroyed (Courtesy James Tourtellotte/MAI/Landove LLC)

6. The depth of flooding in New Orleans as a consequence of Hurricane Katrina on August 31, 2005 (Courtesy NOAA)

7. What does it mean in practice?US NSDI • Defined standards (mandated on federal agencies and encouraged for others) Minimizing inconsistency • Clearinghouse – metadata descriptions of existing data. Advertising what is available • National geospatial data framework - a common “template” on which to assemble other data

8. The US NSDI is composed of Clearinghouse Metadata Geo data Partnerships Standards

9. The data provide a core... Geographic/Geospatial Data

10. Categories of Geographic Data • Community-developed data sets • single purpose • potential re-use • common content specification • “Framework” data

11. Specialized Framework Categories of Geographic Data

12. State Private Utilities Federal Local Hydrography Geodetic Cadastral Railroads Roads Boundaries Spatial Analysis Spatial Analysis Base for Other Data Base for Other Data Finished Maps Finished Maps Framework Data Elevation and bathymetry Digital orthoimagery

13. Web Sites of the Week

14. Metadata Describing your data... Specialized Framework

15. Metadata: “nutritional” label for GIS data sets • Internally - saves 4 hrs research 10 times a year = (4x10x$50) = $2,000 (time it takes to look up or contact someone for information about a dataset) • External Questions - refer 30 inquires/year (1hr/inquiry) = (30x1x $50)=$1,500 (time it takes to answer calls from people who want to use the data or find out more about it) • Future reuse/enhancement - $5,000 to $25,000 • Liability (lawyers, courts) - $$$$

16. The uses of metadata • Provides documentation of existing internal geospatial data resources within an organization (inventory) • Permits structured search and comparison of held spatial data by others (advertising) • Provides end-users with adequate information to take the data and use it in an appropriate context(liability)

17. Don’t buy Don’t follow Don’t use Never use again… from Bedard et al., U. of Laval

18. Clearinghouse (catalog) Making data discoverable... Metadata Specialized Framework

19. Clearinghouse provides... • Discoveryof spatial data • Distributed search worldwide • Uniform interface for spatial data searches • Advertisingfor your data holdings

20. Clearinghouse operates as... • Entry point to constellation of servers • Collection of distributed servers, using a common protocol (e.g., Z39.50) • A virtual “Google” for geographic data

21. This is all “Clearinghouse” Gateway NOAA Clearinghouse “Nodes” or Servers Web Client Oregon USGS NMD NGS

22. Standards Consistent approaches... Clearinghouse (catalog) Metadata Specialized Framework

23. Who builds standards? • ISO - Intl Standards Organization • FGDC Standards working group in partnership with . . . • FGDC Thematic subcommittees • Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) • Concerned organizations • Producers and users of geospatial data

24. Types of standards • Data content • Common classifications • Common collection criteria • Data management • Metadata • Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) • Data transfer protocols (e.g., WMS)

25. Clearinghouse/Catalog & Standards • Important differences: • Data models, data structures (formats), query languages, (syntactic) • meaning of terms in metadata, meaning of values in data (semantic) •  E.g.: •  Metadata: • Different metadata standards (ISO vs. FGDC) • Different terms: ‘Seabed’ vs. ‘Seafloor’ • ‘Coastline’ vs. ‘Shoreline’

26. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) • OGC Web Service: • OGC specification • Interface allowing requests for geographic “resources” across the Web using platform-independent calls • Main OGC services: • Catalogue Service for the Web (CSW) • Web Map Service (WMS) • Web Feature Service (WFS) • Web Coverage Service (WCS)

27. Global atlas Local atlases Catalog Services for the Web (CSW) Example • International Coastal Atlas Network (ICAN) • Connect individual coastal atlases to an integrated global atlas ican.science.oregonstate.edu ican.ucc.ie … mida.ucc.ie www.coastalatlas.net

28. Catalog Services for the Web (CSW) Example • ICAN CSW based on open source GeoNetwork • Geonetwork-opensource.org “Seabed” “Seafloor” Atlas X ISO Metadata & MIDA terminology FGDC Metadata & OCA terminology X Standard & X terminology …

29. Next step for ICAN is WMS Linking of terms in metadata helps ultimate link to data: ICAN:Coastline is similar to OCA:Shoreline CSW WMS WFS CSW WMS WFS CSW WMS WFS X …

30. GetMap Operation Web Mapping Service (WMS) Example • DISMAR: Data Integration System for Marine Pollution and Water Quality. More current projects at http://interrisk.nersc.no/

31. International Coastal Atlas Networkican.science.oregonstate.edu

32. Partnerships Clearinghouse (catalog) Metadata GEOdata Framework Standards

33. Lots of people involved… • Federal government (many agencies) • State government • Local government • Private sector – contractors, value-adders, exploiters • Not for profit organizations • Citizenry • Others… No one is in charge…

34. Data.gov

36. INSPIRE – INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe www.inspire-geoportal.eu

37. The distribution of 3,325 ARGO drifters (buoys) in the world’s oceans at 0605 UTC on March 22, 2009—the data from these buoys are updated in almost real time from satellite observations. The ARGO project is a partnership of 44 countries. Viewing of the ARGO data is facilitated by a GIS viewer. Each drifter collects data on temperature and salinity to 2000 m depth, and their movements indicate the direction and strength of ocean currents—important information for predicting weather.

38. Web Sites of the Week GEOSS – Global Earth Observation System of Systems

39. A Global Spatial Data Infrastructure? • Difficult enough to get national players to work together… • Is GSDI a process, a general framework or a product? • Who are the stakeholders? • Who needs it? (military doing what they need themselves?)

40. www.gsdi.org