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ACIDS AND BASES 996

Explore the key concepts of Arrhenius acids and bases, including their reactions in aqueous solutions. Learn about conjugate acid-base pairs and the Bronsted acid-base theory. Understand the pH scale and how it measures acidity and basicity.

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ACIDS AND BASES 996

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  1. ACIDS AND BASES 996

  2. ARRHENIOUS ACIDS AND BASES • AN ARRHENIOUS ACID RELEASES H+ AS THE ONLY CATION. • AN ARRHENIOUS BASE RELEASES OH- AS THE ONLY NEGATIVE ION. • APPLIES TO REACTIONS IN AQUIOUS SOLUTIONS. • EXAMPLE ACIDS • HCl H+ + Cl-

  3. ARRHENIOUS ACIDS AND BASES • HCl H+ + Cl- • HNO3 H+ + NO3- • H3PO43 H+ + PO43- • ARRHENIOUS BASES • NaOH OH- + Na+ • Mg(OH)2 2OH- + Mg+2

  4. ARRHENIOUS ACIDS AND BASES • CONJUGATE PAIRS…AN ACID THAT IS A REACTANT IS A BASE AS APRODUCT. PROTON (HYDROGEN) DONOR ACID PROTON (HYDROGEN) ACCEPTOR. CONJUGATE BASE PROTON DONOR CONJUGATE ACID PROTON ACCEPTOR BASE PROTON (HYDROGEN) ACCEPTOR PROTON (HYDROGEN) DONOR PROTON ACCEPTOR BASE PROTON DONOR CONJUGATE ACID

  5. ARRHENIOUS ACIDS AND BASES • CONJUGATE PAIRS…A BASE THAT IS A REACTANT IS AN ACID AS APRODUCT. PROTON (HYDROGEN) DONOR ACID PROTON (HYDROGEN) ACCEPTOR. CONJUGATE BASE PROTON DONOR CONJUGATE ACID PROTON ACCEPTOR BASE PROTON (HYDROGEN) ACCEPTOR PROTON (HYDROGEN) DONOR PROTON ACCEPTOR BASE PROTON DONOR CONJUGATE ACID

  6. BRONSTED ACIDS AND BASES • A BRONSTED ACID IS A PROTON DONOR • A BRONSTED BASE IS A PROTON ACCEPTOR. • APPLIES TO REACTIONS IN ALL PHASES.

  7. THE pH SCALE.(note [H+] = [H3O+]) • THE pH IS LOGARYTHMIC, EACH CHANGE OF pH IS TENFOLD DIFFERENT (10x) THAN THE CONCENTRATION OF H+ COMPARED TO THE pH VALUE that is before or after it: • Ex: a pH of 5 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 6. • Ex: a pH of 5 is 10x less acidic than a pH of 4.

  8. ACIDIC: [H+ ]> [OH- ] AS [H+] INCREASES, pH DROPS BASIC: AS [H+ ] DECREASES, pH INCREASES NEUTRAL H+ = OH-AL [H+ ]< [OH- ] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pPHENOLPHTHALEIN BROMTHYMOL BLUE pLITMUS LITMUS

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