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3. International relations and European integration.
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2.Do the Protestants and the Roman Catholics share the same version of the Old Testament?a.the Bible of Judaism plus 7 other books and additional books in Greek.b.the Bible of Judaism.3.What is the significant feature in the ordering of books in the Jewish Bible?a.the Torah (Law), the books of Moses b.the Nebiim (Prophets) c.the Ketubim (Writings)
4.What is the significant feature in the ordering of books in the Christian Old Testament? a.the Pentateuch 摩西五书(Laws) b.historical books c.poetic or wisdom books d.prophetical books5.How important is Bible in Jewish and Christian religious life? a.the basis for public worship b.the basis for private devotion
6.What is the significant feature in the ordering of books in New Testament? a.the four Gospels (books about the life of Christ) by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John b.the Acts of the Apostles (chosen by Christ to spread Christianity), an early history c.Epistles (letters) of Paul and other writers d.an apocalypse (books of revelation)
THE OLD TESTAMENT1.How did early Christians distinguish the Old Testament from the New Testament?a.agreement God made with Israelb.agreement made through Jesus 2.Why is the Old Testament in fact a library more than a unified book? a.a big collection of different books b.with various types of literature c.and oral tradition in the Near East
3.Why is the Old Testament seen as a narrative Hebrew history with God behind the scenes? a.with books reporting past events b.showing God’s power on human events 4.What are the general linguistic features of the poetic works in the Old Testament? a.parallelism b.rhythm
5. What are the general themes of the Hebrew wisdom poetry? a.advice for living a successful life b.reflections on relationship between following the wise path and obedience to the divinely revealed law c.the meaning of life in the face of death6. Why do speeches predominate in the Hebrew prophetic literature?
The essence of prophetic activity was to announce God’s words of punishment or salvation, which concern the immediate future.7. What are the Hebrew laws in the Old Testament represent by? a.the apodictic无可质疑的:by the Ten Commandments b.the casuistic诡辩的:by problems of condition–legal consequences concerning farming and town life
8.When did the apocalyptic writings arise and what are their major features? 500BC a.disclosure of future events b.lengthy dream or vision report c.with highly symbolic images and according explanations d.reflecting the author’s historical view of his time as one with evil powers’ final dash against God, which will lead to a new age
9.How is the Old Testament related to the history of Israel? As the major source of information concerning Israel’s history: a. the exodus from Egypt (1300 BC) b. monarchy (1000 BC)-proper form of government to deal with internal strife and external threat c. the exile in Babylon-Jerusalem lost (597 BC)/destroyed (586 BC) b. the return to Palestine (538 BC)
Saint Jerome Saint Jerome is best known for his translation of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin. This translation, known as the Vulgate, was used for many centuries. In this portrait of Saint Jerome (1521) by German Reformation artist Albrecht Dürer, he is shown surrounded by his scholarly books and a skull, a traditional reminder that death awaits us all.
Kingdoms of Judah and Israel Despite his desire to unify and improve the vast empire of his father, King David, King Solomon’s oppressive rule caused much dissension among the Israelites and eventually led to the division of the kingdom following his death. The northern part of his realm became the kingdom of Israel, while the southern became the kingdom of Judah.
10.What are the major theological themes of the Old Testament? A. Yahweh--the God of Israel, of justice, fairness in all affairs B. covenant--agreement (Yahweh/ Israel) sealed at Sinai; law that governs behavior in relation to others and religious practices C. man--an animate body; a unity of physical matter and life, a gift of God; death as a vivid reality
Creation of Adam According to the book of Genesis, the first book of the Bible, God created Adam, the first man, in his own image from dust. In this fresco from the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo depicted God in human form, giving Adam the breath of life.
The Fall of Man When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate. The eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
11.What are the spiritual standards of the Old Testament? 1) Yahweh as the supreme God 2) no other gods to be worshiped 3) no cursing others 4) observing Sunday as a holy day 5) be pious to parents 6) no murdering 7) no committing adultery 8) no stealing 9) no lying against others10) no greed
Moses Smashing the Commandments The Ten Commandments serve as the fundamental moral laws of Judaism and Christianity. According to the Hebrew Bible (known to Christians as the Old Testament), Moses received the Ten Commandments directly from God on Mount Sinai. He smashed the tablets upon returning from the top of the mountain when he found that the Israelites had begun to worship a goldencalf.
THE NEW TESTAMENT1. What is the original language of the New Testament? Greek2. What are the four major types of literature in its documents? A. Gospels: with accounts of Jesus’ arrest-trial-death- resurrection B. History: theological narrative of Jesus and the Christian church set in the history of Israel and of the Roman Empire
C. Epistles: letters used by church leaders and writers as sermons, exhortations or treatises; D. Apocalyptic writing: visionary, symbolic, pessimistic about future;3. How is the New Testament related to history? A. with stories of Jesus and Christian church in time sequence; B. infancy story of Jesus set on that of Moses in the Old Testament;
C. Apostles in 12 Israeli tribes and the early church: Peter, Andrew, James the Great, Bartholomew, John, Philip, Thomas, Matthew, James the less, Thaddeus, Simon, Judas (replaced by Matthias); Paul,4. What are the major theological themes of the New Testament? A. God-creator; sustainer of universe; source/end of all; with love, justice, mercy, judgment and forgiveness;
B. Jesus-as a prophet like Moses, the second Adam, the Son of God, the eternal mediator of creation and redemption, as presence of God, his sufferings and death as God’s relentless love, his resurrection as God’s approval of his life, death, and message C. Holy spirit-as active presence of God, which empowered Jesus, the church, disciples to serve the good
D. Kingdom of God-as the central message of Jesus in his ministry E. Salvation-redemption coexists with creation; even hostile spirits would be brought into harmony with the benevolent plan of God.F. Ethics-religious belief connected with moral behavior inwardly and in relation to others, and to God; all instructions based on the Old Testament as God’s expectations
5. What are the spiritual standards of the New Testament? Love for God and others; do to one whatever you desire for him to do to you; no adultery; no murdering; no stealing; no false testimony; no greed;6. What is the significance of the translation of Bible into English? The Bible no longer possessed and used by clergy alone; English as a mixture of French, Anglo-Norman;
Saint Mark Writing His Gospel This illuminated manuscript depicting Saint Mark writing his gospel, comes from a leaf of a 13th-century Byzantine Psalter. According to tradition, during the 1st century ad Mark authored the Bible’s second Gospel, relying upon the teachings of Saint Peter.
Timeline of the Gospels Derived from the Old English word godspel, the word gospel means “good news,” and refers to the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The four Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—contain accounts of different time periods and events in the life of Jesus Christ. Matthew and Luke begin at the birth of Jesus, while Mark and John begin at Jesus’ baptism. While Mark, Matthew, and Luke provide similar accounts in a similar style, John exhibits a distinctive style and original accounts.
The Birth of Christ Now the birth of Jesus Christ was like this; for after his mother, Mary, was engaged to Joseph, before they came together, she was found pregnant by the Holy Spirit. Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man, and not willing to make her a public example, intended to put her away secretly. But when he thought about these things, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, don't be afraid to take to yourself Mary, your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit. She shall bring forth a son. You shall call his name Jesus, for it is he who shall save his people from their sins."
Jesus’ baptism Immediately following the baptism, the Gospels describe the opening of the heavens and the descent of the Holy Spirit. Baptism of Christ, a panel painting by 15th-century Italian artist Piero della Francesca, depicts the Holy Spirit, in the form of a dove, descending above the head of Christ.
Ministry of Jesus After receiving his baptism from John the Baptist on the shore of the Jordan River, Jesus began three years of ministry. During that time, Jesus traveled throughout the provinces of Judea and Galilee—areas now part of Israel and the West Bank. At the conclusion of his ministry, Jesus traveled to Jerusalem, where he was crucified.
Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper (about 1495-1497) decorates a wall at Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. This mural depicts the moment immediately following Christ’s dramatic announcement to his disciples that “One of you shall betray me.”
The Death of Christ Jesus turned to the people, mourning and lamenting him: "Daughters of Jerusalem, don't weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For the days are coming in which they will say, 'Blessed are the barren, the wombs that never bore, and the breasts that never nursed.' Then they will begin to tell the mountains, 'Fall on us!' and tell the hills, 'Cover us.'For if they do these things in the green tree, what will be done in the dry?" There were also others, two criminals, led with him to be put to death.
Resurrection and ascension of Christ Jesus lifted up his hands, and blessed them. It happened, while he blessed them, that he withdrew from them, and was carried up into heaven.
Fourteenth-century English theologian John Wycliffe sponsored the first complete translation of the Bible into English. He undertook the task of making the Christian Scriptures generally available to lay people. His writings later inspired Martin Luther, leader of the Protestant Reformation.
