EDU5905 KONSEP PENDIDIKAN DAN PROFESION PERGURUAN

2. EDU5905 KONSEP PENDIDIKAN DAN PROFESION PERGURUAN

3. EDU5905 PENDIDIKAN DAN PROFESION KEGURUAN KULIAH MINGGU 04: PENDIDIKAN DAN TRANSFORMASI PENDIDIKAN DI MALAYSIA Oleh: Dr. Ramli Bin Basri ramlibasri@putra.upm.edu.my Tel: 019 224 1332

4. EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA Content • Background and History of Malaysia • Education Prior to Independence • Formation of National Education System • Education Statistics • Education Development and Expenditure

5. INTRODUCTION • Malaysia occupies the southernmost peninsula of Southeast Asia and the northern one-third of Borneo • It became a nation on September 16, 1963 when Sabah and Sarawak joined Malaysia which had earlier gained independence from the British on August 31, 1957 to form a single federation • Malaysia has a democratically elected Government with a constitution monarch.

6. Malaysia – multi-ethnic population • Population : 28.3 million Peninsular Malaysia – 22.6 million Sabah – 3.2 million Sarawak – 2.5 million • Population Growth Rate : 2.0 % • Life Expectancy at Birth : Male – 71.67 Female – 76.46 • Age Structure 0 – 14 years – 9.0 million 15 – 59 years – 17.3 million 60 years and above – 2.0 million • Labor force : 12.142 million (42.9 % of population)

8. HISTORY • Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511 • The Dutch defeated the Portuguese and conquered Malacca in 1641 • After that it was the British who colonized all of Malaysia (except for a brief period of Japanese occupation from 1941-1945).

9. EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957 • The British encouraged mass immigration of workers from China and India to work in the tin mines and rubber plantations respectively. • Rapid urban development took place during the blooming colonial economy • The Malays remained in rural areas, urban areas were dominated by the Chinese and a minority of Indians who eventually controlled commerce and industry

10. EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957 Schools were established by • British colonial government • Moslem and Christians missionaries • Ethnic communities (Chinese, Malays, Indians)

11. EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957 Types of school • English schools • Vernacular schools • Malays • Chinese • Tamil • Islamic

12. EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957 Common features of schools • Different curriculum • Different examinations • Different language of instruction • Different education philosophy and orientation • Decentralized (governance & finance)

13. FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM 1. Barnes Report (1951a) • Recommended that all existing schools should be transformed into National schools in which children of the various ethnic groups would be taught through the medium of instruction in Malay and English • Not surprisingly, the Chinese saw the Barnes Committee proposal as an attempt to eliminate their languages and cultural identities and protested vehemently against it

14. FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM 2. Fenn–Wu Report 1957b • Chinese schools to be retained and oriented to Malayan education • Provided under Education Ordinance 1952 3. Razak Report 1956 - National education system for national integration – - Provided under Education Ordinance 1957

15. FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM 4. Rahman Talib Report 1961 • Policy English to Malay medium of instruction • Provided under Education Act 1962 5. Cabinet Report 1979 - Current National Education System - Provided under Education Act 1996 6. Private Higher Education Act 1996 – Liberalization of higher education.

16. COMMON FEATURES OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM • National unity • National Language as main medium of instruction (Mandarin in Chinese primary, Tamil in Indian primary schools) • Common curriculum • Common examination • National education philosophy • Centralized ( governance and finance for govt. institutions)

17. NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM • Pre-school • Primary • Lower Secondary • Upper Secondary • Post Secondary • Higher Education (Comprises govt, govt aided and private schools or education institutions-exception: expatriate & international schools)

18. NATIONAL EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large.

19. OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL EDUCATION • To produce a loyal and united Malaysian nation • To produce faithful, well-mannered, knowledgeable, competent and prosperous individuals • To produce the nation’s human resource for development needs • To provide educational opportunities for all Malaysians

20. EDUCATION SYSTEM Primary Lower Secondary Preschool Age = 4+ to 6+ Year 1 – 6 Form 1 - 3 Age = 6+ to 11+ Age = 12+ to 14+ • National Remove • National Type (Chinese) Academic Class (1 year) • National Type (Tamil) Free & Compulsory Education Upper Secondary Post Higher Education Form 4 - 5 Secondary Age = 15+ to 16+ Employment Age = 17+ to 18+ • Technical / Voc. Polytechnic • Academic Matriculation • Religious College • Sports Form 6 • Arts Source: Education in Malaysia, MOE

21. EDUCATION SYSTEM : EXAMINATION Primary Lower Secondary U P S R Primary School Assessment Year 1 - 6 Form 1 - 3 P M R Higher Education Lower Secondary Assessment STPM Upper Malaysian Higher Malaysian Post Secondary School Certificate Secondary SPM Certificate STAM Of Education Form 4 - 5 Form 6 Malaysian Higher School Certificate (Religious Education) Source: Education in Malaysia, MOE

22. EDUCATION STATISTICS

23. AVERAGE CLASS SIZE (AVERAGE NUMBER OF PUPILS PER CLASS) IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (2005-2009) Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

24. PARTICIPATION RATES IN GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNMENT –ASSISTED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BY LEVELS OF EDUCATION (2005-2009) Excluding pre-school enrolment * Note : Including enrolment under Ministry of Higher Education * *Note : Enrolment under Ministry of Education only Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE.

25. ENROLMENT IN PRE-SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009 Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE.

26. ENROLMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009 Note : Including enrolment of pre-schools and year 4-6 students in Special Model and Sports Schools Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

27. ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009 Note : nr = no record Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

28. NUMBER OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009 nr = no record Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

29. NUMBER OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009 nr = no record Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

30. PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (2005-2009) Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

31. LIST OF SUBJECT AT THE PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY 4-6 PRIMARY 1-3 Malay Language English Language Chinese ( Language & Communication ) Tamil ( Language & Communication ) Communication Arabic Iban ( starting from Year 3 ) Semai ( starting from Year 3 ) Mathematics Islamic Education Moral Education Science Music Education Visual Arts Education Physical Education Health Education Plus • Social Studies • Civics & • Citizenship • Education • Living Skills Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, 2007.

32. LIST OF SUBJECT AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL CORE SUBJECTS ADDITIONAL SUBJECTS • BAHASA MALAYSIA • ENGLISH LANGUAGE • SCIENCE • MATHEMATICS • ISLAMIC EDUCATION • MORAL EDUCATION • GEOGRAPHY • HISTORY • VISUAL ART EDUCATION • MUSIC EDUCATION • PHYSICAL EDUCATION • CIVICS & CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION • LIVING SKILLS • HEALTH EDUCATION • CHINESE LANGUAGE • TAMIL LANGUAGE • COMMUNICATION ARABIC • IBAN LANGUAGE • FRENCH • JAPANESE • GERMAN

33. POST SECONDARY : MATRICULATION 2006-2009 Source: Matriculation Division, MOE

34. NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY TYPE OF TRAINING 2009 Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.

35. NUMBER OF TEACHERS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS BY TYPE OF TRAINING 2009* ** Data exclude teachers (1) seconded to semi-government agencies, state religious schools and other agencies, (2) teachers on study leave with full-pay or half-pay, and (3) teachers in pool

36. SCHOOL BY OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (2009) Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE

37. INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2008

38. INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2008

39. INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2008

40. PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 2008

41. PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 2008

42. ENROLMENT BY LEVEL BY GENDER IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

43. ENROLMENT BY FIELD OF STUDY BY GENDER IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

44. ACADEMIC STAFF IN HIGHER EDUCATION

45. EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN 2006-2010 SIX STRATEGIC THRUSTS • Nation Building • Human Capital Development • Strengthening National Schools • Reducing Education Gap • Improving the Prestige of the Teaching Profesion • Promoting Institutional Excellence

48. Establish National Committee and Pre-School Div in MOE • National Pre-School Curriculum – 2010 • Harmonise per capita grants • Improve quality of teachers and 30,000 new teachers • Increase pre-school classes to 10,000 • Increase public-private partneships • Develop pre-school information system

50. Screening of children 3 times a year – children placed into LINUS or special education program • Develop new literacy and numeracy modules • LINUS training 17,000 teachers (2009-2010) • Building commitment of stakeholders • Intensive monitoring & supervision of bottom 10% schools • Placement of expert facilitators at districts