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Energy & Metabolism

Energy & Metabolism. Matter & Energy. Matter - anything that takes up space and has mass Energy - the ability to do work Kinetic (energy in motion) Potential (stored). Energy takes on different forms in the body:. Chemical- ATP  ADP + P i (glycolysis)

claire-crawford
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Energy & Metabolism

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  1. Energy & Metabolism

  2. Matter & Energy • Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass • Energy- the ability to do work • Kinetic (energy in motion) • Potential (stored)

  3. Energy takes on different forms in the body: • Chemical-ATPADP + Pi (glycolysis) • Mechanical-muscles moving, producing heat, digestion • Electrical-charges particles Na+/K+, Ca++, nerve and muscle • Radiant (electromagnetic)- energy that travels in waves (visible, UV, IR)  Retina, lightskinvitamin D

  4. Consequences of This Energy (Work) • Maintaining Homeostasis • Reproduction, Development & Growth • Movement

  5. Potential vs Kinetic Energy

  6. Potential Energy: Stored energy

  7. Potential Energy: Chemical Energy

  8. Kinetic Energy: Energy in motion

  9. Kinetic Energy: Molecular Motion

  10. Exergonic vs Endergonic Reactions • Endergonic- A nonspontaneous chemical reaction where energy is absorbed from the surroundings • Exergonic- A spontaneous chemical reaction where there is a net release of free energy

  11. Endergonic Reactions 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 ADP + Pi + energy  ATP Energy + Product Reactants

  12. Exergonic Reactions C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ATP  ADP + Pi + energy Energy released Reactants Products

  13. ATP

  14. Hydrolysis of ATP ATP  ADP + Pi + energy

  15. Enzymes • Catalysts- speed up a reaction • Not used up by reaction • Decrease activation energy of a reaction • (activation energy is needed to break chemical bonds) Enzymatic reactions are affected by: • Temperature • pH • Substrate conc. • Enzyme conc.

  16. Enzymes Are very specific for their substrate Substrates: Bind only to a restricted region of the enzyme (active site) Held in place by weak interactions (H-bonds) Active site Substrate (sucrose) Enzyme (sucrase) Specificity of enzyme: Lock and key

  17. The Functioning of Enzymes active site

  18. Activation Energy

  19. Activation Energy

  20. Regulating Enzyme Activity Enzyme

  21. Regulating Enzyme Activity

  22. Metabolism • The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc. • Anabolism- build up of complex molecules • Catabolism- break down of complex molecules

  23. ORGANIC BUILDING BLOCK MOLECULES Monosaccharides Amino acids Acetates Nucleotide bases Fates of Organic Building Blocks in ATP Metabolism ATP energy catabolic processes energy anabolic processes ADP+Pi Polymers & other energy rich molecules CO2 + H2O

  24. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36Pi 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

  25. Basic Steps Involved 1 Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA Formation 3 Krebs Cycle 4 Electron Transport System

  26. Overview of Glycolysis

  27. Fats Glycogen Protein Other Metabolic Pathways

  28. Glycolysis

  29. Glycolysis P ATP ADP ADP ADP NAD+ P H P ADP ATP NAD+ Glucose H P 2 pyruvate ATP NADH ATP ADP ATP P ATP NADH ADP P • Net: • 2 ATP • 2 NADH • 2 Pyruvate molecules Cystol

  30. Balance Sheet for Glycolysis • Input 1 Glucose 2 ADP + Pi 2 NAD+ • Output 2 Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH ADP ADP P P NAD+ NAD+ ATP ATP NADH NADH

  31. Transition Reaction 2 pyruvates NAD+ CO2 CoA NADH +H+ 2 Acetyl CoA’s

  32. 2 Acetyl CoA’s Transition Reaction CoA FADH2 Krebs Cycle 2 CO2 FAD 3NAD++3H NADH NADH ATP NADH 3 ADP+Pi

  33. Krebs Cycle

  34. Balance Sheet for the Transition Reaction and Krebs Cycle • Input 2 Pyruvate 2 ADP + 2 Pi 8 NAD+ 2 FAD • Output 6 CO2 2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2

  35. Krebs Cycle Handles other substrates Intermediate molecules used: proteins and lipids Replenishment of intermediates necessary Hans Krebs (1937): paper originally rejected

  36. Krebs Cycle Takes 2 complete cycles 8 steps, each with an enzyme

  37. 3 Krebs Cycle

  38. Oxidative Phosphorylation http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/movie.htm

  39. Each Glucose Molecule CO2 6 NADH 10 FADH2 2 ATP 4

  40. Electron Transport System CO2 6 NADH 10 FADH22 ATP 4 used to make ATP

  41. 4 Electron Transport System

  42. Electron Transport System

  43. ATP Net ATP Yield 34 to 36 molecules ATP for every glucose molecule about 40% efficiency

  44. Transition cycle

  45. Overall ATP Production Electron Transport System 34 Citric Acid Cycle 2 Glycolysis 2 SUBTOTAL 38 NADH Transport into Mitochondrion* -2 TOTAL 36

  46. Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)

  47. Anaerobic Respiration (Lactic Acid Fermentation/ Glycolysis)

  48. INQUIRY • What is the end product in glycolysis? • What substance is produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and feeds into the citric acid cycle? • Name a product of fermentation. • What role does O2 play in aerobic respiration? • What stage during cellular respiration is the most ATP synthesized? • What is chemiosmosis? • When NAD+ and FAD+ are reduced what do they form? • What are they used for?

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