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PHYS 2070 Research Assignment 1: The Early Universe By Cole Treyturik

PHYS 2070 Research Assignment 1: The Early Universe By Cole Treyturik. What is meant by the “Early” Universe?. A very broad topic Usually defined as the first 100m years of the Universe's existence Began with the Big Bang [1], [5], [6]. What is the Big Bang?.

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PHYS 2070 Research Assignment 1: The Early Universe By Cole Treyturik

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  1. PHYS 2070Research Assignment 1: The Early Universe By Cole Treyturik

  2. What is meant by the “Early” Universe? A very broad topic Usually defined as the first 100m years of the Universe's existence Began with the Big Bang [1], [5], [6]

  3. What is the Big Bang? Currently the most accepted, most supported theory for the early development of the Universe In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble determined that galaxies further away from us appear to be moving away from us faster than those that are closer In 1931, Georges Lemaitre presented a theory of the “primeval atom,” which theorized that since everything appeared to be moving away, there must have been a time at which everything was much closer together. [5], [6]

  4. What is the Big Bang? The name “Big Bang” was coined by Fred Hoyle during an interview in 1949 After WWII, there were two theories about the “origin” of the Universe; the Big Bang theory and the Steady State theory The Big Bang theory gained general acceptance as more and more evidence was found for it Last nail in the Steady State theory's coffin was when the CMB radiation was discovered and confirmed [5], [6]

  5. What is the Big Bang? A theory that postulates that the Universe was, at one time, infinitely dense and infinitely hot This occurred about 13.7 billion years ago For some unknown reason, the Universe began to expand at an exponential rate It is the beginning of this expansion that most people refer to as “the Big Bang” Actually a theory that attempts to explain what happened after the expansion began [5], [6]

  6. Timeline of the Big Bang *GUT = Grand Unified Theory

  7. Summary of Epochs Planck Epoch: Little is known of the Planck Epoch, as most known laws of physics break down this close to the Big Bang. It is believed that all four fundamental forces – Gravity, Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear and Weak Nuclear – are unified as one force during this period GUT Epoch: The gravitational force separates from the other three forces as the universe expands and cools. Near the end of the epoch, the Strong Nuclear force and the Electroweak force (electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces combined) separate [1], [2]

  8. Summary of Epochs Quark Epoch: Universe undergoes and incredibly rapid expansion in size, referred to as “inflation.” This inflation “smoothed out” the Universe allowing for the virtually uniform appearance of the CMB today Lepton Epoch: Particles and anti-particles, created shortly after the Big Bang, annihilate each other. Most of the anti-particles are destroyed, due to annihilation or instability, allowing normal particles to become dominant in the Universe Nuclear Epoch: Deuterium (heavy Hydrogen) and Helium begin to form by fusion during this epoch [1], [2]

  9. Summary of Epochs Atomic Epoch: Atoms begin to form in this epoch, as the electroweak force splits into the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force Galactic Epoch: Large, primordial galaxies begin to form. The first stars – much shorter lived, and likely hotter, than most stars today – form, as do the first quasars Stellar Epoch: The first stars die in violent supernova, creating more elements. Smaller, cooler stars (such as the Sun) begin to form, and even smaller objects – planets, asteroids and comets – become more abundant [1], [2]

  10. Baryon-Lepton Symmetry In the early Universe, there was a symmetry between Baryons and Leptons In order for neutrinos to have a non-zero mass, this can not hold true Thus a spontaneous symmetry breaking of the B-L symmetry is required This is explained in detail in the paper Spontaneous B-L Breaking as the Origin of the Hot Early Universe by WilfriedBuchmüller, Valerie Domcke and Kai Schmitz, of the DeutschesElektronen-Synchotron in Germany. http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6679

  11. What is the CMB? Stands for “Cosmic Microwave Background” Is a radiation in the microwave wavelength which fills the entire Universe Is a near-perfect Black Body spectrum at 2.725 K Emitted about 380,000 years after the Big Bang The result of neutral atoms first forming, allowing photons to begin freely traveling through space instead of being “scattered” by free electrons and protons Only the Big Bang has properly predicted the near-perfect black body curve of the CMB, which is why it is the currently most supported model of the Universe [3], [4]

  12. Studying the CMB? The CMB is a very active field of research in modern cosmology As our instruments gain ever increasing sensitivity, we can gain an ever better insight into the early Universe by observing the CMB The paper The Cosmic Microwave Background: Observing Directly the Early Universe by Paolo de Bernardis and Silvia Masi of the Sapienza Universita di Roma in Italy has excellent examples of the kind of data we can gather from this event, as well as why it is important to continue refining out equipment http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012arXiv1208.0298D [3], [4]

  13. Observing the Early Universe? Due to its very nature, the early Universe is very hard to actually observe directly There's a limit as to how far we can look back in time: the Universe was essentially opaque before the CMB was emitted Powerful telescopes (such as Hubble) are able to see back billions of years Three examples of such from Hubble:- Hubble Deep Field, 1995 (HDF)- Hubble Ultra Deep Field, 2004 (HUDF)- Hubble eXtreme Deep Field, 2012 (XDF)

  14. Observing the Early Universe? The most recent of Hubble's Deep Fields is the eXtreme Deep Field, XDF Over two million seconds of exposure time An area “a small fraction of the angular diameter of the Full Moon” Over 5500 galaxies, faintest less than one ten-billionth of human eye visibility http://tinyurl.com/eXtremeDF [3], [4]

  15. Hubble Deep Field

  16. Hubble Ultra Deep Field

  17. Hubble eXtreme Deep Field

  18. Image Credits Hubble Deep Field, Hubblesite.orghttp://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1996/01/image/a/ Hubble Ultra Deep Field, Hubblesite.org http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/07/image/a/ Hubble eXtreme Deep Field, nasa.govhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/xdf.html

  19. Bibliography [1] University of Oregon. 2011. The Early Universe. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon Physics Department. http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/astr123/Notes/Chapter27.html [2] Sean Carroll. 2008. Cosmology Primer. California Institute of Technology Physics Department.http://preposterousuniverse.com/writings/cosmologyprimer/index.html [3] E. Komatsu et al. Five-Year Microwave Anisotropy Prove (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation. astro-phhttp://arxiv.org/abs/0803.0547 [4] NASA. 2010. WMAP's Introduction to Cosmology. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/ [5] Hawking S. 1988. A Brief History of Time. New York, NY: Random House. 248 pp. [6] Hawking S. 2001. The Universe in a Nutshell. New York, NY: Random House. 215 pp.

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