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Learning

Learning. Learning questions. What is Behaviorism? Who was Pavlov? What is classical conditioning? What is UCS, UCR, CS, CR? (same card) What is acquisition? extinction? What is stimulus generalization? What is stimulus discrimination? What was the Baby Albert experiment?

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Learning

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  1. Learning

  2. Learning questions • What is Behaviorism? • Who was Pavlov? • What is classical conditioning? • What is UCS, UCR, CS, CR? (same card) • What is acquisition? extinction? • What is stimulus generalization? • What is stimulus discrimination? • What was the Baby Albert experiment? • What is spontaneous recovery? • What is Operant Conditioning? • Who was BF Skinner? • What is positive reinforcement? Negative Reinforcement? Positive punishment? Negative punishment? Aversive stimulus? • Fixed ratio schedule, variable ratio schedule? • Primary vs secondary reinforcers? • Who was Albert Bandura and his Bobo doll experiment? • What is social learning theory?

  3. What is Behaviorism? Major perspective - studies scientifically observable behaviors, not unconscious drives. Names: Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura Includes classical, operant and social learning theory Nurture, not nature

  4. Classical Conditioning It all started with: Ivan Pavlov

  5. What is classical conditioning? • When your brain and nervous system make an association between 2 stimuli (things). • Example: food and a bell A song and making out with your “friend” (Ivan Pavlov)

  6. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS):(the meat) a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Unconditional Response (UCR):(drooling to meat) the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

  7. Conditioned Stimulus (CS):(the bell) an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response. Conditioned Response (CR):(drooling to the bell) the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

  8. e

  9. 1. Sara is watching a storm. A bolt of lightening is followed immediately by a huge crash of thunder and makes her jump. This happens several more times. The storm starts to move away and there is a gap between the lightening bolt and the sound of thunder, yet Sara jumps at the lightening bolt. • What is the: • UCS • UCR • CS • CR

  10. 2. Steve's mouth waters whenever he eats anything with lemon in it. One day, while seeing an advertisement showing lemons, his mouth begins to water. • What is the: • UCS • UCR • CS • CR

  11. Come up with your own examples of Classical Conditioning

  12. What is the Little Albert experiment? • John Watson classically conditioned a baby to fear a white rat. Then the baby feared all furry things.

  13. John B. Watson “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar man or thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

  14. Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning. • Acquisition • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery • Generalization • Discrimination

  15. Acquisition (pairing food with bell) • The initial stage of learning. • The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS). Does timing matter? • The CS should come before the UCS • They should be very close together in timing.

  16. Extinction • The diminishing of a conditioned response. • Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS. • Dog stops drooling to bell Is extinction permanent?

  17. Spontaneous Recovery • The reappearance. After a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response. • Dog drools to bell again

  18. Generalization • We fear things similar to the original stimulus (Little Albert)

  19. Stimulus Generalization The Baby was given the rat while Watson sounded a loud, scary clank.. Now the baby is afraid of all furry things.

  20. Discrimination • The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS. Dog drools to a bell, but not a gong

  21. How can we apply classical conditioning?

  22. Applications of Taste Aversion • treating alcoholism, using the drug Antabuse • causes nausea and violent vomiting when combined with alcohol • attempts to create a taste aversion to alcohol • Problem: alcoholics tend to stop taking Antabuse so they can drink again • but when used properly, Antabuse does reduce total amount of alcohol consumed

  23. Applications of Taste Aversion • humane methods of controlling predators, agricultural pests? • coyotes & wolves ate sheep carcasses laced with nausea-inducing poison; developed aversion to sheep meat • wolves penned with sheep later seemed to fear it!

  24. The Garcia effect? • People get sick after eating at a restaurant so they won’t eat at that restaurant, even if they know the food was safe.

  25. What is operant conditioning? • Behaviors are a result of reinforcements and punishments. • B.F. Skinner is the famous guy.

  26. Edward Thorndike • Law of Effect: rewarded behavior is likely to recur. • Cat in box

  27. Thorndike’s Puzzle Box • Edward Thorndike (1874-1949): created a puzzle box: cage with latched door that could only be opened by pressing lever inside • cats became quicker and quicker to press lever once they figured it out • Law of Effect: rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated

  28. B.F. Skinner C’mon gimmie a kiss!

  29. B.F. Skinner • Most influential behaviorist • Envisioned a utopian society based upon his theories • Skinner Box • Ping-pong playing and airplane flying pigeons • Shaping – training with rewards

  30. Skinner Box

  31. How are these similar?

  32. What is Shaping? • Gradually reinforcing a behavior until perfect. (ex: feed pigeon for turning 30 deg, then 60 deg, eventually full circle)

  33. Reinforcement – increasing desired behavior • Positive Reinforcement – giving something to increase a behavior (example?) • Negative Reinforcement – taking away something bad to increase a behavior (example?)

  34. Punishment – reducing behavior • - positive punishment giving something bad to reduce a behavior (example?) spanking = aversive stimulus • - negative punishment – (omission training) taking away something good to reduce a behavior (example?)

  35. The following are examples of what??? Answer choices are positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement

  36. Spanking a child for writing “crip” on your car door.

  37. Giving candy for correct answers.

  38. Nagging and nagging until you do the dishes.

  39. Child whines and cries until he gets his candy at the store. The child is _____ _____ the parent for getting candy. The parent is _____ ______ the child for whining.

  40. Taking away cell phone privileges to reduce low grades.

  41. Stop jamming toothpicks up one’s fingernails in exchange for information

  42. Draw a cartoon representing • Positive, negative punishment • Positive, negative reinforcement • 4 cartoons

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