Table of contents

2. IAEA-Lycée Project 2009“ATOMS FOR KIDS”Learn about the IAEA with Adam the atomCross-disciplinary projectSciences & Geography in English European class 1eS - Marie MalherbeHome made drawings by Antoine Humbert

3. Table of contents • Introduction: What is nuclear energy? p.4 By Fritz Hiesmayr and Gleb D’Yachkov • Animation: What is a nuclear power plant? p.14 By Hadrien Titeux and Thomas Garnier • When Adam becomes nasty: nuclear dangers p.15 By Sixtine Verpiot and Agnes Fastenbauer • Adam and the Inspectorp.21By Alexandra Perricos and Rhea Jabbour • Adam the Green: nuclear energy and environment p.31 By Zineb Maazouzi and Cecile Bouly • Adam for food : the example of the fruit flies p.41 By Sarah Glaser and Gleb D’Yachkov • Adam for food : a comic p.48 By Gilles Rainer and Ferhat Dahmani • Adam and the Doctor: atoms for medical purposes p.51 By Remi Michel and Matthieu Gelan • The quiz : Did you pay attention? p.62 By Fritz Hiesmayr & the whole team • Aknowledgements p.70 • Summary p.72

4. Introduction What is nuclear energy ? Hey kids! Hop on board the atom train! We just arrived at the NUCLEARENERGY STATION: We will now learn something about the ENERGY in me and my family, the ATOMS!

5. Hi, my name is ADAM, and I’m an ATOM. I’m very very small, so small, in fact, that you cannot even see me! But my brothers and sisters are everywhere, and we have a very special role, here, let me show you…

6. YOU are made of millions and millions of tiny little things called ATOMS, in fact, every object in this whole universe is made of atoms – Imagine atoms like “Lego” blocks, and that everything is made of them.

7. There are hundreds of types of ATOMS, and every one has its own characteristics; like humans, we look different, but we’re all human. If you combine ATOMS, you can get a MOLECULE, which are the different building blocks of the universe. – Like 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom make a H2O molecule, what we call WATER!

8. ATOMS are built in the following way: They have a core of PROTONS and NEUTRONS that are tightly bound together by ENERGY, and are circled by ELECTRONS.

9. In spite of being SOOO small we are SOOO energetic. Look at this: Let us first take a look at my belly. Scientists call it my core. There are many PROTONS and NEUTRONS in there, which you can think of as little balls. They are held together veeeeeery strongly, exactly as the water in a balloon is being held together.

10. Scientists decided to use the ENERGY binding the ATOMS together as ENERGY we can use to power various objects.

11. The core of the atom seems to have the right size for every atom. But some elements, for example my brothers URANIUM and PLUTONIUM, are almost too big. It is the same with balloons, you can as much water as you want to in the balloon, but you realize that there is a size where an ATOM is about to pop. If you add a few more drops, the balloon will pop! Boom! And all the water you put in the balloon flies out in every direction. 1 3 2

12. It is the same with atoms: If you add only one more PROTON or NEUTRON, the core of the balloon will explode: This is NUCLEAR FISSION. And everything spreads out, including neutrons that will make further atoms explode the same way…and so forth, like dominoes. This whole process releases much precious ENERGY… that scientists know how to collect. Bye kids! Have fun on the rest of your journey!

13. Sources http://science.howstuffworks.com/atom.htm Pictures taken from : http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/piles_plutonium.htm http://membres.lycos.fr/phymie/ www.eskom.co.za/nuclear_energy/fuel/atom.jpg http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/PC/RepresentativePhy/Pages/power.htm http://www.partydomain.co.uk/d-commerce/media/thumb/Q/Q43740.jpg http://higherdreams.blogspot.com/ http://embedded-system.net/embedded-system/images/lego-wedo-airplane.jpg http://melton.ca/samples/images/hmmath/water_bottle.jpg

14. What is a nuclear power plant ? How does it actually work ?Here is a little game to check if you can deal with a nuclear power plant of your own !Have a try with the zip file attached to this CD…and have fun !

15. ADAM THE NASTY ATOM HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI, 1945 So kids, you all understood what gigantic energy can be produced with us atoms. But what if I am used for destructive purposes? This is what American Scientists discovered. During WWII they successfully built the first atomic BOMB, nicknamed « Little Boy » and « Fat Man », using the energy of plenty of atoms just like me… But for destructive purposes. At the end of the war, US President Truman decided to drop this little atomic monster on the Empire of Japan, America’s enemy at the time. Location of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan Hiroshima before August 6th, 1945, dropping of « Little Boy ». Nagasaki before August, 9th 1945, dropping of « Fat Man ».

16. This is what I looked like after the explosion, on the 6th and 9th of August 1945. Now you see why they called me « Nuclear mushroom »… …and here was the result : Hiroshima after the explosion. I killed approximately 210 000 people and destroyed two entire cities… I CAN BE A VERY BAD GUY!!!!!!!!! Nagasaki after the explosion.

17. The Chernobyl disaster Some 41 years after the bombings on Japan another major nuclear explosion happened in Chernobyl, Ukraine, on the 26th of April 1986. But this was not intentional, this was an accident. This was when I created the worst nuclear plant disaster EVER! Chernobyl nuclear reactor after the disaster. Reactor 4 (image centre). Turbine building (image lower left). Reactor 3 (centre right) This is the region in Ukraine where it happened, only 110 km away from the capital Kiev.

18. The cloud of Chernobyl over Europe. NIARK NIARk NIArk NIark Niark niark The fallout from the explosion extended over western Europe. The 2005 report prepared by the Chernobyl Forum led by the IAEA and the WHO (World Health Organisation), attributed 56 direct deaths (47 accident workers, and nine children with cancer), and estimated that there may be 4,000 extra cancer deaths among the approximately 600,000 most highly exposed people. But some NGOs (Non Governmental Organizations) have other estimates of the number of people who died from related cancer, some of them up to 93,000. Tell exactly to what extent the cancers were related to the explosion is difficult. This remains a very controversial issue.

19. Nasty Adam controlled by the IAEA During the Cold War (1945-1989) the USSR and the USA started building more and more bombs, leading to a dangerous “arms race”. Today, total nuclear arsenals are estimated at 27 000 nuclear bombs, primarily in the hands of Russia and the United States. The IAEA was created in 1957 to protect the world from “Nasty Adam”. One of its three pillars is to make sure that countries do not use nuclear power to make bombs or teach other countries how to make them. In 2005, the IAEA and its Secretary General Mohammed El Baradei, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Today the IAEA counts 146 member States and 189 countries have ratified a very important treaty written in 1968 called the NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty), which allows the IAEA inspectors to access nuclear facilities to check that nuclear power is only used for peaceful purposes.

20. Sources • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster (Reactor’s picture + Information about Chernobyl) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki (nuclear mushroom’s picture + information about Hiroshima and Nagasaki) • http://www.neutron.kth.se/gallery/chernobyl/ (Chernobyl scientist + what he says) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_nuclear_power_plant (verification of what he says) • "IAEA Report". In Focus: Chernobyl. http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Chernobyl/. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. • The Chernobyl Forum: 2003-2005. Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental, and Socio-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and UkrainePDF. IAEA. 2nd revised version. pg. 6 • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chernobyl_placement.svg (map of Europe Chernobyl) • http://www.japanfocus.org/_Peter_J__Kuznick-Defending_the_Indefensible__A_Meditation_on_the_Life_of_Hiroshima_Pilot_Paul_Tibbets__Jr_/ (Nagasaki’s picture after) • http://www.aasc.ucla.edu/cab/200708150001.html (Nagasaki’s picture before) • http://www.companysj.com/v231/august6.htm (Hiroshima’s picture after) • http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hiroshima_animation.htm (Hiroshima’s picture before) • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-05/31/content_604730.htm (Baradei’s picture) • http://www.cfact-europe.org/thisweeksfeature_24.html (Chernobyl disaster niark....) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty (number of countries that have ratified the treaty)

21. Adam and the inspector It was a very hot day in May when curious ADAM, the little ATOM, went to visit his friend Susie at her school in Vienna. As soon as the bell rang, Susie, who seemed to be very excited, joined Adam in the hall. “Adam, Adam! Guess what I’ve just learned! Mr. Patricks, my chemistry teacher, taught us all about nuclear energy. It was such an interesting lesson! she said amused. - Are you sure that you really know EVERYTHING on this topic? Adam replied mysteriously, I can show you something really cool your classmates won’t have a chance to see, believe me Susie. Come, follow me!” After getting her mom’s permission, Susie and Adam took a flight to Brazil, where they started their thrilling adventure.

22. As soon as they got off, the little girl kept showering Adam with questions on the way to their unknown destination: “Where are we going? Where are you taking me? Susie asked impatiently. - Just look in front of you. We’ve arrived!” The plane landed in Sao Paulo early in the morning. Oh, me too! I can’t wait to show you my surprise!! I’m so excited!!! Adam and Susie in a Brazilian airplane

23. In fact, they stood in front of a hugeNUCLEAR FACILITY, where smoke was coming out of the roof. Adam and Susie in front of a nuclear facility * * see bibliography

24. At the entrance, a young man in a white lab coat greeted the two visitors: “Hi Adam, my dear friend! Long time, no see! Oh, and you must be Susie. My name is Mr. Clue. I am an inspector for the international atomic energy agency, theIAEA in Vienna. -Oh! My mom works there too, she declared enthusiastically, but say, what is an inspector? - That’s a very interesting question. How about I show you?” Thereupon, they entered together the facility and Mr. Clue started his tour: “Do you see these containers over there in the corner? Well, that is where the facilities keep some very special atoms. -Oh! You’re talking about my brothers Uri Uranium and Pluto Plutonium, aren’t you? Adam asked.

25. -That’s right! You can differentiate them by their number of protons: Uri has 92 protons and Pluto 94. We find them as solids, liquids or even powder in some facilities. In this form, they’re not dangerous at all, even though they always emit certain short rays we call alpha and beta radiation. But I’m sure you’ve heard about nuclear energy. Well, nuclear energy is created with the help of Adam’s siblings. Uri and Pluto are stocked in small pellets which are put into metal boxes. Lots and lots of these boxes are piled up in long tubes that we call fuel elements.These tubes are hidden in the centre of the reactor. -What happens then? Susie asked. -Uri and Pluto are not very happy in their new home and tend to get very angry… That’s when they start emitting longer and much stronger radiations that can harm people: these are the gamma radiations. That’s the beginning of nuclear energy. The problem is that this energy can also be used for bombs. My job as an inspector of the IAEA is therefore to make sure that these two materials are not used for military purposes.

26. This is why a major international agreement was signed in 1968 to stop the spread of nuclear bombs all around the world: the “Non Proliferation Treaty” (NPT). The countries who signed it promise not to misuse the material and allow us inspectors to inspect their nuclear facilities and make sure that the energy produced there is only used for peaceful purposes. Some countries also sign an additional protocol, which gives our organisation more rights for inspections. Signature of the NPT, 1968

27. -But how can you find out how much material they really have? Susie wanted to know.- First we have this tool called “non destructive assay” that measures the radioactivity that is emitted by Uri and Pluto in the fuel elements. That way we can tell how much material is stocked in there. Then, you have to know, that Adam’s brothers really enjoy walking around the facility. But they are very clumsy and leave their footprints everywhere, on the floor, the walls, the doors... • - But Adam, don’t you have soooooo many relatives in soooo many countries? Susie asked. • That’s right! My cousins live in France, the USA, Russia, China, Great Britain, N… Adam replied. • - Exactly, that’s the problem. There are thousands of facilities all around the world. Most of them have to tell us precisely how many cousins live there, but there are only 250 inspectors to make sure they are telling the truth. Usually one or two inspectors go at a time. If a facility is really huge, the IAEA sends a bigger team. However, the five weapon states, France, the USA, Russia, China and Great Britain, do not have to submit to IAEA inspections, except for very specific locations.

28. So, to verify that theyhaven’t wandered off into any hidden rooms, we use a cotton pad to swipe these very dusty surfaces, where we can identify the presence of up to ten year old radiation. We’re like the detectives from CSI. This makes it really difficult for countries to hide anything from us.” the inspector declared. -Oh! CSI!! That’s my favorite show!! - Really? Mine too. Well, like these detectives we walk around the whole facility, even outside where we take different samples of the environment. You see if a country for example promises us that they will not use this particular facility, but we find traces of radiation on the flowers around, we can tell the IAEA, that this country lied. We collect flowers, plants and earth in little tubes, like those here, which we then send to the lab in Seibersdorf, near Vienna, to be analysed by experts. Adam showing Susie the little tubes

29. This concludes our tour! I have to fly back to Vienna this afternoon to give my report to the IAEA. So, if you don’t mind, I will accompany you. - Oh, we’d love to have you around on our way back! Adam said. Seal of the IAEA - But first, there’s one more thing I have to do. I want to make sure that while I’m gone, no one enters this room to use the material here without permission. That is why we have installed special cameras that monitor the activities in this room. I will also close it with a special metal lock called a “seal”, that is the size of a coin. If anybody tries to detach the seal, we would know about it because there’d be different scratches on it.” The inspector fulfilled his plan and five hours later, the three friends were sitting in the plane, on the way to Vienna. Little Susie looked out the window, sighed and finally said: “When I grow up, I want to become an inspector too!”

30. Adam and the inspector • http://www.halias.fr/en/img/nuclear-power-plant.jpg • http://www.williamdemarest.com/images/BAC1-11/vasp-bac111-1.jpg • http://lanternofhope.com/images/Footprints.gif • http://www.acousticbulletin.com/FR/LOUPE.jpg • http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2005/0709/coon/iaea_seal.jpg • http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/dossiers/non-proliferation-nucleaire-desarmement/img/traite-interdiction-essais-.jpg • a book Safeguards Techniques and Equipment • 2 pictures drawn by Alexandra Perricos and Rhéa Jabbour • Information taken from: • - a class lecture by A. Evrensel and G. Verlini • - and from Mr Perricos

31. Adam The Green Hi kids! Now you know a lot about nuclear energy!! Sounds really great, doesn’t it??...and scary too… But do you know that it can be also very friendly and useful for the environment? That’s when they call me Adam the Green! Don’t you believe me ? Let me give you some examples…

32. First, do you know what the environment is? It is just everything that is around you like trees, animals, water, air… It’s all made of atoms, of course.

33. Indeed but I read in your book the environmentis more and more in danger ? Is this true ? Yes, it is, unfortunately… Our planet is very polluted by all the gases coming from cars, factories, airplanes... Environment is a major concern nowadays, we do have to protect it.

34. But there is more : the IAEA can even improve the quality of our environment with nuclear technology… Take the example of a country wanting to produce more energy. A traditional coal plant for instance would produce a lot of CO2 emissions contributing to the greenhouse effect. With a nuclear power plant you can get the same amount of energy without any greenhouse effect !

35. Green…what?! Greenhouse effect… Look : the Sun sends solar energy to the Earth. Our planet is surrounded by a layer of gases, called the atmosphere. In our atmosphere, there is carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas which holds part of the solar energy at the surface of the earth and keeps an average temperature of 15°C. It’s called the naturalgreenhouse effect. Without this naturalgreenhouse effect, there would be an average temperature of -18°C and life couldn’t exist!!

36. Too much CO2  too much warmth kept in Normal situation But the many gases coming from increasing human activities (cars, airplanes, factories), contribute to the increase of carbon dioxide on earth…creating TOO MUCH greenhouse effect. Too much warmth is kept within the atmosphere, which leads to global warming… …responsible for unsettled global climate, melting glaciers, more and more frequent natural disasters and other unbalanced phenomena.

37. But there is also a problem. Some radiations, like those from nuclear waste for instance, can be very dangerous if uncontrolled. This is why the IAEA is working hard to protect human beings, like you, as well as the environment from dangerous radiations.

38. This is why the IAEA advises countries that the nuclear waste is safely disposed of, for example buried in underground depositaries.

39. …And there are many other possible uses of for nuclear energy. Just to give you an example : nuclear radiations can help change salted water into drinkable water! This is called desalination of water… very precious for the countries with access to the sea! Sounds very promising, doesn’t it ..?

40. Sources • www.iaea.org (for our text and explanations) • Files and flyers from the IAEA agency • http://img.1.vacanceo.net/classic/125432.jpg • http://ile-de-la-reunion.info/photos/im/bassin-riviere.jpg (picture of water) • http://loloanna.free.fr/photos/animaux-photos-animaux-sauvages/photos-animaux-sauvages%20(2).jpg (picture of animal) • http://images.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://ddvaleurs.neuf.fr/Climat/EffetDeSerre.gif&imgrefurl=http://ddvaleurs.neuf.fr/Climat/Climat.html&us (to explain the greenhouse effect)

41. Adam for food Let me show you a particular case in which atoms can be used for the good of society. The peaceful use of atomic energy can help you in your daily life.

42. Did you know that some insects destroy citrus fruits and other fruits? The female fly usually lays her eggs in fruits, like oranges, tangerines, grapefruits or peaches. Female flies laying their eggs These eggs become worms which feed on the fruit for days. They ruin the fruit from the inside. The problem is, when the farmers discover the worms, they just throw the fruit away… But the worms can still survive and stay in the fruit until they become flies. Knowing that a female fly can lay up to 25 eggs per day… A fruit destroyed by the larvae These flies become a serious harm to fruit farms!!!

43. However for countries like Spain or Israel, selling these fruits is crucial for their economy… which is terribly damaged by these flies. What can we do about this??? • Insecticides are expensive and can harm the environment, and that‘s not good... • But thereISa smarter solution!

44. In Seibersdorf, a place near Vienna, there is a great research center for nuclear energy. Larvae that will become female and male flies are separated by colour : only the male flies are irradiated! Boxes where the pupea are seperated by colour The flies develop from larvae to pupae (grown up larvae close to becoming adult flies)… and that is the point when they are exposed to radiations… In the IAEA labs in Seibersdorf, specific technology is developed to successfully irradiate male flies. To test this technology, there are special heated dark rooms where the development of all pupae is synchronized, so that they can all be irradiated at a same stage of their development. Once the methods are checked, the countries that need it can be provided with these advanced technological package to be able to handle their problems… A scientist checking on the pupea

45. Scientists working for the IAEA found out a way to sterilize the male pupae with nuclear radiation, so that the future flies can‘t reproduce. This reduces the fly population, without endangering the balance of nature. But how does it work? Pupea being irradiated They expose the pupea that will become male flies to nuclear radiation composed of particles coming from atoms like me, and we attack special cells, which prevent flies from multiplying.

46. In the end, everyone seems to be happy. The people who sell the fruits and the ones who buy them, the fruit that remains healthy and the flies can live on without being harmful to the fruits. A fruit stand But there is still a lot of work to be done. The IAEA provides some countries with developed technology and transmit their” know-how" without being paid for it - This is a great present to help develop their economy. In this case, nuclear energy is used as an alternative to expensive chemicals that, while eradicating the fly population, also endangers the environment…

47. Radiation on flies • www.iaea.org • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.topnews.in/health/files/Fruit-Flies.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.topnews.in/health/scientists-unveil-dramatic-difference-between-humans-and-fruit-flies-22485&usg=__v_-o3EyKY8mn7tURA4rqyLKVNGo=&h=389&w=600&sz=34&hl=fr&start=19&tbnid=dtng0PEbOv9c7M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dflies%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Dfr