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Chapter 29

Chapter 29. Voices of Protest. Native American Protest 1961 67 tribes created Declaration of Purposes Criticized termination policies Lobbied for inclusion with war on poverty Johnson established National Council on Indian Opportunity 1965 1968 “Red Power” Younger movement

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Chapter 29

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  1. Chapter 29

  2. Voices of Protest • Native American Protest • 1961 • 67 tribes created Declaration of Purposes • Criticized termination policies • Lobbied for inclusion with war on poverty • Johnson established National Council on Indian Opportunity 1965 • 1968 • “Red Power” • Younger movement • Mocked Columbus Day • American Indian Movement • Most militant • Occupied Alcatraz for 19 months • Goal to protect way of life • Reassertion of Native American Culture • Hispanic-American • Fastest-growing minority • Impatient • Cesar Chavez 1965 • “La Causa” • Non-violence, led agricultural strikes • Chicano/Chicana movement • More militant • Boycotts to demand bilingual classes, more Latino teachers • Spread to other minorities

  3. 2nd Feminist Wave • Urged 1964 Civil Rights Act to include gender discrimination too • 1966 NOW (Nat’l Org. of Women) • Betty Freidan, Aileen Hernandez • Sought liberal change • “Feminine Mystique” 1963 • Women wanted careers, identity • Anti-Vietnam • Mary King, Casey Hayden 1965 • Starts Women’s Liberation Movement • Women’s Liberation • Groups spread across nation • Generated publicity • Miss American “sheep” 1968 • Boston Marathon • “The Pill” 1960 (came on market) • Worked for • Daycare centers, rape crisis, abortion counseling • Rejected notion of women as passive • August 1970 • Largest women’s rights movement

  4. Escalation of War • 1963 • Before JFK’s death, authorized overthrow of Diem in S. Vietnam • Increased US forces to 16,000 • South Vietnam’s government under Ngo Dinh Diem unpopular • Johnson’s decision • Torn, widened limited war • Ordered air strikes Feb. 1964 • Authorized escalation • Gulf of Tonkin Aug. 1964 • US “victims” of open aggression on the high seas • Condemned attacks, ordered more air strikes • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Gave President a “blank check” to take all necessary measures to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam • Often called “illegal war” because was not declared by Congress • Operation “Rolling Thunder” • 1965 • Bombing, air war (B-52s) • 1965-1968 = 800 tons of bombs dropped a DAY • Committed more troops • “meat-grinder” strategy • War of attrition, alienated peasants • Doves vs. Hawks • Opposition to war started at colleges March 1965 • Univ. of Michigan • 1966 large-scale protests • Intellectuals, clergy joined • Bobbie Kennedy, Dr. Benjamin Spock, MLK Jr. • War’s toll on the poor • College deferments benefitted wealth • TV coverage • Eroded support • Many left undecided though

  5. A Time of Upheaval • Youth Movement • Starts with JFK • More than ½ population of 1960’s under 30 years old • Conflict between baby boomers and youth • A “New” Left • Insurgent majority of liberal arts majors • Welcomed idealism of civil-rights movement • Determined not to be “silent” • Port Huron Statement 1962 • SDS: Students for a Democratic Society • Wanted non-violent movement • Turn universities into a participatory democracy • Protest to Resistance • Mario Savio • Home from Freedom Summer • Univ. of Cali-Berkley • Banned political activity • Started Berkley Free Speech Movement (FSM) • Spread across country • New demands • Smaller classes, more minorities • Violent sects • the Weatherman • Vietnam influence • “Make Love, Not War” • SDS, Vietnam Vets. Against the War • 40,000 students, 100 campuses

  6. A Time of Upheaval • College Massacres • Kent State- April 30, 1970 • Radicals tried to fire-bomb ROTC building • Martial law at University • 600 students protested • Threw stones at National Guard troops • Opened fire • 4 dead • Jackson State- May 14, 1970 • 10 days later • Mississippi state patrolmen fired into a women’s dorm • Two black students killed

  7. Counter-Culture • Hippies and Drugs • Marijuana • 60% of college students tried • No real “evidence” against it • LSD • Timothy Leary, Ken Kesey • Films • “Hair” 1967 • “Alice’s Restaurant” 1969 • Music • Jim Morrison “the Doors”, Bob Dylan • Jefferson Airplane, Rolling Stones, Beatles • Revolt • Surplus military clothing • Torn jeans, tie-dyed shirts • Music Revolution • 1960’s College Folk • Bob Dylan • Beatlemania • Woodstock 1969, 800,000 people • End of the movement • NY, San Fran • Charles Manson • Stones concert at Almont Raceway • 1970 Beatles disbanded • Sexual Revolution • “if it feels good, do it” • “the pill” debate • 1970 1/3 fetuses aborted • Roe v. Wade (1973) • Publications • Playboy • Gore Vidal’s “Myra Breckenridge” 1969 • Films • “Easy Rider” • “Midnight Cowboy” • Divorce rate increased • Cohabitation increased • “open marriages” • Gay Liberation • Public June 1969 • Raid on a gay bar in NY • “gay pride” • Supported mainly in cities • Change stigmas • American Psychiatric Association • Not a “mental disorder” • 1975 US Civil Service Commission ended ban on employment

  8. Beatles:1960s Beatles: 1970

  9. 1968: Politics of Upheaval • Tet Offensive in Vietnam • Jan 1968 • Lunar New Year attacked launched by North Vietcong • N. Vietnamese attack 100+ villages and US embassy • Media Reaction • Even though U.S. recovered territory, negative public reaction • Tet demoralized American public • LBJ loss of support • Shaken President • Eugene McCarthy gaining steam • Robert Kennedy joins race • Supported by working-class ethnic whites, poor, and minorities • LBJ not seeking re-election • Assassinations and Turmoil • April 4, 1968: MLK Jr. • June 5, 1968: Robert Kennedy • After Primary win in C.A. • Killed by young Arab nationalist angry over Israel

  10. 1968: Politics of Upheaval • GOP Nominee Richard Nixon • Promised to end war honorably • Voice of Americans • Anti-protests • Other nominees • George Wallace • Self-nominated candidate of American Independent Party • Anti-segregation • Eugene McCarthy • Democrat • 1968 Democratic Convention • Threat of “yippies” • “The whole world is watching” • Chicago police brutality • Conservative resurgence • Nixon capitalized on Chicago • Only real threat Independent George Wallace • Represented the South • 1968 Election ends Liberal Era

  11. Nixon and World Politics • Vietnamization • When Nixon takes office, 500,000 troops in Vietnam • Nixon Doctrine 1969 • US role “helpful partner” not military protector in 3rdworld • Support with money, not troops • Called Nixon Doctrine • Gradual withdraw • Vietnam a MESS • Morale, drugs, murder • My Lai massacre 1968 • Vietnamization • More S. Vietnamese troops • 1972 down to 30,000 US troops • Kissinger sent to negotiate • Nixon’s War • Secret B-52 bombings on Cambodia • Widened Indochina War • America’s longest war ends • 1972 “peace at hand” • Snag with demands • Christmas bombing of Hanoi • Paris Accords Jan 1973 • Ended hostilities • Left situation unresolved • Results • 58,000 dead • 300,000 wounded • $150 billion • Psychological effects • “Put Vietnam behind us” • US could care less about Indochina • Détente • 1970 “three-dimensional” game • 1972- China • Formal recognition • 1972- Moscow • Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

  12. Politics • Middle East • 6 day war 1967 • PLO • October 1973 • Egypt/Syria attacked Israel • US sends supplies to Israel • Results in oil embargo • Dramatized US reliance on foreign energy sources • Alaska drilling increased • Kissinger's Shuttle Diplomacy • Middle East • Aiding anti-democratic governments and white supremacist regimes against communism • Chile 1970 • US involvement • Recognizes dictator 1973

  13. Nixon’s Domestic Agenda • July 21, 1969 • “The Eagle has landed” • Apollo 11 • Nation’s hopes restored • New Federalism • Wanted to slow down growth of New Society programs • Accomplishments • Wage and price controls • Affirmative action policies • Vote for 18 year-olds • OSHA • EPA • Despite not having a GOP majority in EITHER house of Congress • Critics • Government too intrusive • Family Assistance Plan 1969 • Race-conscious employment regulations • Economy • $25 billion deficit in 1969 • Inflation at 5% • Cut gov’t spending • Fed raised interest rates • Resulted in recession • = Stagflation • Different approaches • Early 1971- Keynesian approach • Mid-1971- “Freeze” approach • 90 day wage and price freeze • 1973- voluntary restraints • Inflation up 9%, 12% in 1974 • OPEC • Law and Order • Used full gov’t resources to restrain militants • Huston Plan 1970 • Against anti-war movement • Wire-tapping • “The plumbers”

  14. Election 1972 • Southern Strategy • Court whites upset with racial equality • Opposed extension of Voting Rights Act • Hindered Fair Housing Act • Slow desegregation • Supreme court nominations • More conservative • Nominated Chief Justice Warren Berger • Shift to the right • Election • Re-election certain • Democrats divided • Wallace shot May 1972 • Democratic Nominee • George McGovern • CREEP • Results • Nixon Wins • Less people vote • Watergate, June 1972 • Arrest of individuals caught wire-tapping Democratic party center • Paid $400,000 to quiet before election • “Deep Throat” • Bob Woodward/ Carl Bernstein • Feb. 1973 • Senate investigation • No solid proof of ordering activities • Guilty of trying to cover it up • Firings/resignations • televised • Disgrace • VP Agnew charged with tax evasion Oct. 1973 • House minority leader Gerald R. Ford becomes VP • March ’74 • Nixon tapes subpoenaed • July unedited tapes appear • Indicted on 3 articles of Impeachment • Aug 9, 1974 1st president to resign

  15. Conclusion Public distrust of politicians and disillusionment of government for decades to come

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