University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning Department of Architecture 2 nd Semester 2008

1. University of PalestineFaculty of Applied Engineering and Urban PlanningDepartment of Architecture2nd Semester 2008 -2009 Architecture Conservation ( EAGD 5120 ) Lecture 3 Aspects of Architectural conservation – Technical Aspects Dr. Nihad M. Almughany

2. CONTENTS • 1- REVIEW OF LAST LECTURE. • 2- ASPECTS OFARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION • 3- CAUSES OF DECAY • 4- ETHICS OF TECHNICAL WORKS • 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS

3. 1- REVIEW OF LAST LECTURE • ASPECTS OFARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION. • CULTURAL ASPECTS. • SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS.

4. 2- ASPECTS OFARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION • CULTURAL ASPECTS • SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS • TECHNICAL ASPECTS • LEGAL ASPECTS

5. 3- CAUSES OF DECAY • Causes of decay : • Geographic causes : • Climatic : • Temperature and thermal expansion • Action of moisture • Wind action • Atmospheric pollution • Fire • Earthquakes • floods

7. 3- CAUSES OF DECAY (cont.) • Biological and botanic causes : • Animals and birds • Trees and plants produce of harmful chemical materials • Fungi, moulds, lichens • Bacteria

9. 3- CAUSES OF DECAY (cont.) • Structural instability ( change of subsoil conditions – deformation of elements ) • Damp and moisture ( holding Nitrate and Chloride ) • Absence of regular maintenance : Fielden : “regular inspection of cultural property is the basis of prevention of deterioration “ • Man – made causes ( Official and Public )

10. 4- ETHICS OF TECHNICAL WORKS • The historic and artistic work of the past should be respected, without excluding the style of any given period. • The judicious use of all the resources at the disposal of modern technique. • Respect for original material and authentic documents. restoration must stop at the point where conjecture begins, and in the case moreover any extra work which is indispensable must be distinct from the architectural composition and must bear a contemporary stamp. • Where traditional techniques prove inadequate, the consolidation of a monument can be achieved by the use of any modern technique for conservation and construction. • Replacements of missing parts must integrate harmoniously with the whole , but at the same time must be distinguishable from the original. (Source: Venice Charter)

11. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS • 1- Collecting of Site and building environmental data: • Average Temperature & R. Humidity : Measurements are recorded in each space of the building ( Diagnostic Hygrometer Detector ) . • Average wall Temperature : Measurements are recorded for selected wall surfaces to determine weather there is any condensation on selected walls ( Dew point temperature) (Dew point detector ). • Salt Detection : To determine the presence of conductive salt contamination on surfaces of damped walls . A chemical salt analysis to be carried out to determine the presence of chlorides and / or Nitrates. • Hygrometric Measurement : Dampness is detected on wall surface and in depth . ( Diagnostic Hygrometer Detector ) • Measurement of R.H. in wood : (Diagnostic Hygrometer Detector )

12. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • 2- Analysis and assessment of structural elements: • Investigation of defeats in walls . • Investigation of foundations : open pits beside walls: pits outside and inside the building to assess the situation of the foundation • Foundation level • Foundation dimensions • Foundation materials and construction : stone – mortar • Laboratory tests for foundation :

13. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • Laboratory tests for foundation : • Grain size distribution analysis • Evaluation of soil parameters ( shear strength ) • Deformation characteristics • Water content percentage • Unit weight • Specific gravity • Coefficient of permeability • Bearing capacity for soil at different levels especially under the foundation level • Chemical analysis of ground water

14. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • 2- Analysis and assessment of structural elements (Cont.) • Beams • Trusses • Arches • Panels • Vaults

18. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • 3- Analyzing and detecting causes of decay(explained earlier).

19. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • 4- Sampling and laboratory tests: • A- Stone: • Strength and mechanical tests : • Uni – axial compression strength • Tensile strength • Physical properties tests : • Absorption • Porosity and permeability • Density • Complete chemical analysis • X- ray diffraction analysis • Polarized microscopic study • Scanning Electronic Microscope ( SEM )

20. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • 4- Sampling and laboratory tests: • B- Mortar and Plaster : selected samples from specific sections inside walls at depth of 15 cm : • Image processing , microscopic description • Thermo gravimetric measurements, chromatographic analysis, X ray diffraction • Desegregation system • Carbonation system • Granilometry curve , specific weight of mortar and the volume weight of the aggregate.

21. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • 4- Sampling and laboratory tests: • C- Paintings and pigments : • Chemical analysis • X – ray diffraction analysis • Infra – red absorption spectral analysis • Spectroscopy and Mineralogical study for mineral pigments of coloring substance • Determination of volume ratio • D- Marble : • Desalination of marble encrustation • Abrasion test

22. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • 5- Main Restoration works : • A- CONSOLIDATION : التدعيم

23. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • Main Restoration works • B- REMOVAL OF ANY ADDITIVE HARMFUL MATERIALS : • طبقات الخرسانة على الأسقف • القصارة الاسمنتية • البلاط السيراميك على الجدران • التمديدات المختلفة • أي عناصر مضافة وضارة أخرى ملاحظة : حفظ العناصر المكشوفة بعد ازالة المواد من العوامل الخارجية مثل تغطية الأسقف حتى يتم معالجتها

24. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • Main Restoration works : • C- REMOVAL AND PREVENTION OF DAMP:التخلص من الرطوبة ومنعها • كشف وتهوية الأسقف فترة كافية • كشف وتهوية الحوائط • كشف الأساسات وتهويتها فهي مصدر الخاصية الشعرية عن طريق حفر خنادق تهوية و / أو حقن مواد عازلة • منع تسلل الرطوبة من خلال عناصر المبنى ( الأسقف – الحوائط – العتبات – الشبابيك والأبواب – الأساسات – الحلول )

25. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • Main Restoration works • D- REMOVAL OF BOTANIC AND BIOLOGICAL ELEMENTS: • التخلص من العناصر البيولوجية والنباتية ومنعها • طرق الازالة التقليدية • الطرق الكيماوية • الطرق الايكولوجية

26. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • Main Restoration works : • E- STRUCTURAL FITTNESS OF ELEMENTS: • F- TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT WORKS • F1 – Stone Works

30. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • Main Restoration works : • F2 – Iron Works

32. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • Main Restoration works : • F3 – Glass Works

34. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • Main Restoration works : • F4 – Lead Works

36. 5- TECHNICAL ASPECTS (Cont.) • Main Restoration works : • F5 – Wood Works