Technologie et la notion de la vie

1. Technologie et la notion de la vie Yoshimi KAKIMOTO Osaka-Sangyo University

2. Contents of this presentation 1. The rules of the robotics and artificial intelligence 1. « Three rules of Robot » by Asimov 2. Turing test and the brain in a vat 2. Robotics and human body 1. Recuperation and enhancement 2. Robot technology and the extension of human body 3. The technology changes our notion of Life 1. Our understanding on image on ideal human 2. Technology and the notion of human Conclusion « Tout progrès technique comporte trois sortes d’effets: les effets voulus, les effets prévisibles, les effets imprévisibles. » Jacques Ellul, Le bluff technologique

3. 1. The rules of the robotics and artificial intelligence 1. « Three rules of Robot » by Asimov “Now, look, let’s start with the three fundamental Rules of Robotics – the three rules that are built most deeply into a robot’s positronic brain.’’ In the darkness, his gloved fingers ticked off each point. “We have: One, a robot may not injure a human being, or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.” “Right.” “Two,” continued Powell, “a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.” “Right!” “And three, a robot must protects its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.” - Runaround(1941), in The complete Robot, Grafton, 1983

4. Image of automata The original idea of automata had been created in ancient age: - In the ancient Greek, a robot cart in the theater was constructed; • Leonardo Da Vinci sketched the oldest idea of humanoid Robot around 1495; • In Japan, period of Edo, people had amused to create the automata in order to bring the tea and so on;

5. Naissance of the word ‘‘Robot’’ In R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robots), Karel Capek presented the Robot which was made from the word ‘‘hard work’’ of Czech. image of the robot which is made in order to the human utility but in another hand, which may become harmful existence to human being. Asimov’s three fundamental rules of Robot

6. Rules on the studies of Robotics AIBO’s research rules: 1. Robot cannot harm to human beings and can run away from the existence which harms it; 2. Robot should be affective to the human being but some times, it permits to the robot to take the rebellious attitudes toward the human being; 3. Robot must listen the compliments and the lament of human being, but in some times, the robot can conduct offensively. The rules for the AIBO as a companion robot

7. Rules on the studies of Robotics Chiba University made the charters on the studies of Robotics(Charter of Chiba University regarding the education and the studies on technologies of artificial intelligence robot). • (rule on ethics) This charter concerns the ethics of everyone who commit to education and studies of artificial intelligence robot; • (use on the commercial purpose) The researchers can do them only on the purpose of peaceful use; • (prevention of the unethical use) The resechers must put the system to prevent the movements against the ethics and the legality in the robot;

8. Rules on the studies of Robotics 4. (contribution of the educators and researchers) All educators and researchers must not only the Asimov’s three rules on robotics but also all article of this chater; 5. (eternal obeying to this charter) Everyone in Chiba University promise to obey this charter after leaving this university. But these days, the number of the research with the foundation of the United States forces in Japan has been increasing.

9. 2. Turing test and the brain in a vat What is the Turing test? There are two persons(man and woman) and the machine of artificial intelligence: When he/she can not see the speakers and takes the machine as human being, it is considered that it has the intelligence. Turing’s question is: « Machine can think? » And ours: What is the triteria to consider an existence as the equivalent being to us?

10. Hypothesis of the brain in a vat by Putnam Supposing that all existence have only the brain without the other part of body; Stumulating the brain causes the impressions to having some physical experiences; But the brain rests in a vat which cannot move. This hypothesis brings another point of view: the brain with enhancement of machine.

11. 2. Robotics and human body 1. Recuperation and enhanment In which context the word « enhancement » we use? • Often in the sense of « genetic enhancement » ex.Designer Baby • In the sense of the physical faculty enhancement ex. dopage of the sports player • In the sense of the physical enhancement ex. dopage of the auxesis to the patient child with the diseases which caused the short stature First and second one would be the pratices of eugenism, but how about last one?

12. 1. Recuperation and enhanment Canguillem indicates that the pathological states is not equal to the condition of the disease. Disease is constructed by the social norms. And the health becomes the norms of the condition of human life. « Guérir c’est se donner de nouvelles normes de vie, parfois supérieures aux anciens»(158) But what means « new norms of life better than ancient life »?

13. 2. Robot technology and the extension of human body The definition on “Cyborg” by Clynes and Kline: “The cyborg deliberately exogenous components extending the self-regulatory function of the organism in order to adopt it to new environments.” People can put an instrument or an artificial organs on the skin or in the body in order to supply the organ in dysfunction. A patient with Artificial heart is a cyborg?

14. Difference between the cyborg and robot Necessity to differ the cyborg and the robot: Robot can decide the action with the artificial intelligence; Cyborg is jointed with human body and augment the physical or intellectual faculty. Technology of Robotics is applied to the machines which put on the body like the “power suits” HAL. Pr. Kanamori calls the new type of life in the name of “Bios Blindant”.

15. 3. The techology changes our notion of Life1. Our understanding on image on ideal human The norm on the health is modified in the society and influences on the notion of recuperation in the medical treatment. Ex. Development of the notion of the disability For the children with hearing impairment, the artificial hearing device becomes on of the alternative – the signs with hand is recognized as the another form of language in the Convention of United Nations on the human rights of disabled people in 2006.

16. What the medicine makes possible… The development of medical technology contributes to make the society with diversity. If people has difficulty to live in the society because of the impairment, use of the artificial device makes equal condition to participate in the society. But in the another hand, The medical technology makes possible to gain the “perfect body” or “perfect faculty” which one wishes. Pr.Matsuda calls this type of medicine “wish-fulfilling medicine”. Development of the technology depends on the social desire.

17. 2. The technology and the notion of human existence - Technology has developed for the sake of the human utility. - But the technology makes possible at the same time the desirable result and the undesirable result which we cannot foresee at the moment of the research. In order to avoid the accidents by the robots and to control them, people create the law of robotics.

18. What Asimov’s rules of robotics means… At a glance, the rules of robotics seems to make in order to control for the robot with own autonomy. But when we think who has the responsibility, especially the act liability, we look out that the robot cannot become the subject of the act. It will delay on the people who concern the production. Rules of the robot signify the responsibility of the people who concern the production.

19. The robotics and the notion of human life The robotics reflects the image of human being. The artificial intelligence has been developed along with the development of research on human cognitive mechanism. Understanding what we expect on robotics is the extension of our cognition on ourselves. But In the society, people use the fruit of research on human cognitive system as the theory which justifies the theories of every person.

20. conclusion - The technology itself is not the meaningless science nor ideology. - As the product of the society, the robotics will be modified easily by the social and individual desire. Thinking on the rules of robotics means thinking on the ethics of robotics. The Ethics of robotics is connoted in the ethics of our society on technology.

21. Merci de votre attention!