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Understanding Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Learn about the structure of nucleic acids, the process of DNA replication, and the central dogma of protein synthesis. Explore the roles of DNA, RNA, and proteins in genetic information transfer. Transcribe and translate DNA sequences to mRNA and amino acids.

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Understanding Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

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  1. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides • 3 Parts: • Phosphategroup • 5-Carbon Sugar • Nitrogenbase • 2 Types: DNA& RNA a) Phosphate Group c) Nitrogen Base b) 5-Carbon Sugar

  2. THYMINE URACIL

  3. Nitrogen Bases Pyrimidines = C, T, & U Purines = A & G Pyrimidines ALWAYSbond to Purines Pyrimidines Single ring G bonds to C A bonds to T or U Purines Double ring

  4. RNA Sugar = Ribose RNA is SingleStranded RNA has Uracil Sugar & phosphate backbone Nitrogen Bases

  5. DNA Sugar = Deoxyribose DNA isDoubleStranded DNA has Thymine Hydrogen Bonds Sugar & phosphate backbone Nitrogen Bases

  6. DNA A bonds to T; G bonds to C Hydrogenbonds hold Nitrogen bases together to form the Doublehelix

  7. DNA is found in the Nucleusof eukaryotic cells in the form of Chromosomes

  8. Sections of DNA that code for a protein are called Genes Chromosomes are made of DNAwound around proteins called Histones Homologouschromosomes have the same Genes(possibly different alleles)

  9. DNA Replication Original strands are used as a Pattern/Template to build new Complimentary DNA strands Enzymes help with this process: Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary strands DNA Polymerases build the new strands and then proofread the nucleotide sequence

  10. Semi-conservative DNA Replication 2 Identical DNA molecules are produced. Each molecule is made of one ORIGINALstrand and one NEWstrand.

  11. ENZYMES of DNA Replication ADDS NEW NUCLEOTIDES UNZIPS STRANDS

  12. Leadingstrand (3’ end) Laggingstrand (5’ end)

  13. DNA polymerase can only move towards the 5’end of the original DNA molecule (New DNA is built 5’ to 3’) This means the Laggingstrand is built in small sections called Okazakifragments.

  14. Central Dogma DNARNA Protein

  15. Protein Synthesis Translation Transcription

  16. Proteins are Polymers made of Amino Acids 4 Parts: Central Carbon Aminogroup Hydrogen Carboxyl group & R group 5 Hydrogen 6 Carboxyl Group 4 Amino Group Protein Functions: Transport of substances, Enzymes that control the rate of reactions, provide Support, build Tissues, & fight Infections 3 Central Carbon 7 R Group

  17. 3 Types of RNA • mRNA = Copyof gene/DNA (instructions for making the protein) • tRNA = Translates/DecodesmRNA and Transfers/Deliversamino acids to the ribosome in the correct sequence • rRNA = Ribosomesare made of rRNA which Bondamino acids together to build the Polypeptide (protein) b) Ribosomal RNA c) Transfer RNA a) Messenger RNA

  18. Transcription the process of CopyingDNA into the complimentary sequence of mRNA The enzyme that copies the DNA (gene) into mRNA is RNA polymerase No Tin RNA so A bonds to U

  19. RNA Polymerase Works just like DNA polymerase EXCEPT it adds RNA nucleotides

  20. Transcription occurs in the Nucleus

  21. Translation Begins when the mRNAleaves the nucleus and goes to theRibosome tRNAdecodes the mRNA 3bases at a time Codon= 3 base sequence on mRNA Codons are complimentary to the Anticodonson the tRNA rRNA forms Peptidebonds between Amino Acidsto form the Polypeptide (protein)

  22. Translation Amino Acid Anticodon Codon

  23. Transcribe the following DNA into mRNA DNA: TAC – CCG – GAT – TAG – ATC mRNA: ____ - ____ - ____ - ____ - ___ Translate the above mRNA into the correct sequence of Amino Acids using the Codon Chart Protein: ____ - ____ - ____ - ____ - ____ AUC UAG CUA AUG GGC STOP Ile Met Gly Leu

  24. 1 DNA = Template 3 Codons on mRNA 2 mRNA built by RNA polymerase 4 mRNA goes to ribosome 7 Amino acid bonded to Polypeptide 5 tRNA carries amino acids 8 tRNA goes to pick up another Amino Acid 6 tRNA Anticodon decodes mRNA codons

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