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Ch. 10: Blood

Ch. 10: Blood. Functions of Blood. Transportation- O 2 and CO 2 , nutrients, waste, hormones Regulation- pH ( buffers), heat, osmotic pressure Protection- clotting, immune system. Connective tissue: has no fibers The only fluid tissue in the body

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Ch. 10: Blood

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  1. Ch. 10: Blood

  2. Functions of Blood Transportation- O2 and CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones Regulation- pH (buffers), heat, osmotic pressure Protection- clotting, immune system

  3. Connective tissue: has no fibers The only fluid tissue in the body Composed of formed elements suspended in a nonliving fluid called plasma

  4. Can be separated into layers with centrifuge Heavier, thicker, more viscous than H2O (5x) Temperature of 100.4 F pH of 7.4 8% body weight 5-6 liters (1.5 gallons) in males 4-5 liters (1.2 gallons) in females Blood Characteristics

  5. Plasma: Liquid matrix (ECF) (55% of total blood volume) Over 90% water Over 100 substances dissolved - Figure 10.1 Proteins (most abundant) Nutrients Lipids Electrolytes Respiratory gases Wastes Homeostatic mechanisms keep fairly constant

  6. Erythrocytes RBCs (45% blood volume) carry O2 No nucleus or organelles No mitosis/ metabolism Outnumber white blood cells 1,000 to 1 5 million RBC/mm3 Hemoglobin (4 protein complex)- 33% weight Responsible for color of blood 1 RBC contains~250 million hemoglobin molecules

  7. Erythrocytes RBCs (45% blood volume) Antigens on membrane determine ABO blood type and Rh factor Worn down RBCs destroyed in spleen and liver (macrophages)- 120 day life span Too few RBCs or hemoglobin= anemia Not enough O2 intake= hypoxia

  8. Leukocytes (WBCs): 1% of blood volume Have nucleus Defend against bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor cells Separated into granulocytes (3 types) and agranulocytes (2 types) (Table 10.2)

  9. Neutrophils (40-70%of WBCs)- phagocytic (small granules) Granulocytes

  10. Eosinophils (1-4%)- kill parasites/ controls inflammation/ release histaminases (fight allergic reaction)

  11. Basophils (<1%)- release heparin, histamine, serotonin

  12. Agranulocytes Monocytes (4-8%)- phagocytic (large)

  13. Lymphocytes (20-45%)- provide immunity B and T cells produce antibodies

  14. Thrombocytes (platelets) Fragments of megakaryocytes Repair slightly damaged vessels Promote clotting link

  15. Occurs in red bone marrow 100 billion cells produced daily All arise from hemocytoblast (stem cell)

  16. Normal Bone Marrow nucleated erythroid precursors eosinophil normal megakaryocyte

  17. Process takes 3-5 days • Rate of production controlled by erythropoietin (hormone) • Stimulated by hormones • Released by chemical signals (inflammation, bacteria) Formation of Red Blood Cells Formation of white blood cells and Platelets

  18. Three phases • Vascular spasms • Platelet plug formation • Coagulation Hemostasis: Stoppage of bleeding

  19. Vascular spasms—smooth muscle contracts • Vasoconstriction decreases blood loss

  20. Platelet plug formation– exposed collagen fibers cause platelets to adhere to damaged area • Platelets cause nearby platelets to become sticky and form plug

  21. Coagulation—at the same time • Formation of mesh of fibrin strands trap RBCs to make clot • Process normally takes 3-6 minutes Link

  22. Due to proteins (antigens) on plasma membranes of RBCs Antigens of one type are recognized as foreign by antibodies of another Antibodies bind to foreign RBCs and cause agglutination (clumping) and rupture (hemolysis) ABO and Rh blood groups are most important Human blood groups LINK

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  24. If the wrong blood type is used the person’s own immune system immediately attacks the donor’s blood and causes clots and RBC destruction that can lead to total kidney failure and death. Blood Transfusion link

  25. A person with blood type A can receive blood from a donor with blood type A. • The anti-Bantibodies in the recipient do not combine with the type A antigens on the red blood cells of the donor. No Agglutination Reaction

  26. A person with blood type B cannot receive blood from a donor with blood type A. • The anti-Aantibodies in the recipient will combine with the type B antigens on the red blood cells of the donor. Agglutination Reaction

  27. Rh+: have Rh antigen and no antibodies Rh-: have no antigens and no antibodies Rh-negative people will develop antibodies to the Rh antigen if they are exposed to the Rh-positive blood If a Rh-negative woman becomes pregnant with a Rh-positive fetus she may make antibodies to the fetus’ RBCs This can be prevented with RhoGAM Rh BLOOD TYPE

  28. HDN is the most common problem with Rh incompatibility. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

  29. AgglutinationReactions

  30. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/sciencentral/3257-dangerous-blood-video.htmhttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/sciencentral/3257-dangerous-blood-video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science-channel/29103-100-greatest-discoveries-blood-flow-theory-video.htm Videos

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