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New Interaction Techniques

New Interaction Techniques. Dwell Time Selection & more…. Grigori Evreinov. Department of Computer Sciences University of Tampere, Finland. Department of Computer Sciences University of Tampere, Finland. www.cs.uta.fi/~grse/. September – December, 2003. Dwell Time.

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New Interaction Techniques

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  1. New Interaction Techniques Dwell Time Selection & more… Grigori Evreinov Department of Computer SciencesUniversity of Tampere, Finland Department of Computer SciencesUniversity of Tampere, Finland www.cs.uta.fi/~grse/ September – December, 2003

  2. Dwell Time Cursor Object Inter-actions Y [1] X Time Time demo1 TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 01_26 10.10.2003

  3. Dwell Time Gus! Dwell Cursor, http://www.gusinc.com/dwell.html The Smart-Nav AT package (Dwell clicking 0.2-2.0 s),http://www.naturalpoint.com/prod/d_dwell.htm MagicCursor 2000: Dwell Selection Clicking Solution,http://www.gstsdesigns.com/madentec/MagicCursor.htm TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 02_26 10.10.2003

  4. Dwell Time Gaze Control [1] http://www.metrovision.fr/mv-vi-notice-us.html [2] http://www.delta7.asso.fr/Deltavision%202001/ecrire3.html TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 03_26 10.10.2003

  5. Dwell Time LC Technologies, Inc. The Eye-Gaze System Makers [31] http://www.metrovision.fr/mv-vi-notice-us.html TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 04_26 10.10.2003

  6. Dwell Time Laser Control [9] Myers, B.A., et al. Interacting at a Distance: Measuring the Performance of Laser Pointers and Other Devices. CHI 2002. [12] Olsen Jr., D.R. and Nielsen, T. Laser Pointer Interaction. CHI 2001. TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 05_26 10.10.2003

  7. Dwell Time Head Control Natural Point trackIRTMhttp://www.naturalpoint.com , http://www.headtracker.com/ demo2 demo3 Marsden, R. 100% Hands-free Computer Access- Madentec’s 2000 Series http://www.madentec.com/products/comaccess/2000/whitepaper.html http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf/2000/proceedings/0185Marsden.htm TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 06_26 10.10.2003

  8. Dwell Time Usability-testing software for… txtEntry Eye-Gaze TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 07_26 10.10.2003

  9. Timer2 Timer1 Timer3 Timer4 Dwell Time Lesson6 txtEntry_EyeGaze3 TWords.txt /phrases txtPersonData comments… WordsLoading fraData GridData1: test words/chars entered text /chars time per char, ms lblSave_Click() Test initialization SetTest lblOpen_Click() GridData1_Click() to save column lblTestSymbol lblDwDelay Up/Down SetData txtText1 GridData2: char per word /phrase num. of entered words num. of strokes /clicks per word /phrase time per word/phrase, s lblDwell Statistics() Rtime, ms s (st.dev), ms Errors wpm TestTime, s Ctrl+K=>move keys SpotActivate Ctrl+L=>EditCapts. On-screen Keyboard Ctrl+W=>Dwell SetSigns GridData2_Click() to save column Trial start SetCharacters BackSp Break test MouseInput SymbDec Clear Data HideBorders TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 08_26 10.10.2003

  10. tmrDwDelay tmrDwell Dwell Time Lesson6 txtEntry_EyeGaze3 fraData lblDwDelay Up/Down lblDwell Test initialization lblTestSymbol SetData txtText1 Ctrl+K=>move keys SpotActivate Ctrl+L=>EditCapts. On-screen Keyboard Ctrl+W=>Dwell SetSigns Trial start SetCharacters MouseInput SymbDec Break test Clear Data HideBorders TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 09_26 10.10.2003

  11. Dwell Time Adaptive Dwelling according to Windows Interface Design Guide*, the action associated with the control is initiated when the mouse button is released if the pointer is dragged to another location, the control will return to its original state and undesirable click will be stopped for instance, the user can put cursor over icon or command button and choose it by clicking the mouse sometimes, clicks are undesirable or impossible (laser pointer, gaze / head / ‘brain’ control…) to provide productivity and easy access during communication with computer it is necessary a balance between flexibility of the dialogue structure, adaptability on each level of the interface, cognitive abilities of the person and limitations used interaction techniques semantic, syntactic, lexical * The Windows Interface. An Application Design Guide. Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington, 1992. TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 10_26 10.10.2003

  12. Dwell Time the time is one of the most important critical parameters of the system feedback loop a normal time of simple visual-motor control task in accomplishing with the help of intact muscles of the finger is about 150-250 ms the time is progressively increased up to 1000 ms and more, if an additional semantic analysis or physical limitations take place to prevent wrong selection external (dwell) timer, mental and motor activities of the user should strictly be coordinated the feedback cues (highlighted areas) could play a role of strobe-signals to stimulate user behavior and to support, to stabilize temporal framework for rhythmically-alternating cognitive and motor activities if the system could individually and dynamically turn, dwell mode could be more flexible TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 11_26 10.10.2003

  13. Dwell Time how we could know what temporal window satisfies of user requirements and when it should be changed? menu pointing could be considered as temporal process or stimulus-dependent goal-directed behavior of the user; herewith, a behavior model includes a sequence of actions both on the user side – cognitive processing and motor actions, and procedures are within interface – highlighting or other verification about the state of a particular alternative the physical parameters of feedback signals may either facilitate synchronization of the interactive process or hinder performance in both cases, physical stimulus starts the motor reaction that could be measured based on real-time analysis the visual-motor reaction time, we could predict or optimize dwell interval*. * Bourhis, G., Pino, P. Temporal analysis of the use of an augmentative communication device. AAATE’03. IOS Press, Netherlands (2003), 294-298. TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 12_26 10.10.2003

  14. Dwell Time selection highlighting the menu item selection selection Tthreshold RTi Time T0 T2 T1 Tdwell the temporal diagram of the algorithm for measuring the user performance through visual-motor reaction time and correction of the dwell interval T0 – the first variable interval, T1 – the second variable interval and T2 = T1 Tthresh. - dynamical threshold Tthresh. = T0 + T1 TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 13_26 10.10.2003

  15. Dwell Time after each highlighting the menu item, we can record a time of user reply in a kind of selection time besides that, we can count an average magnitude for AveRT on each 5 realizations now, if (AveRT < Tthresh.– dT) then we may decrease T0 on dT too that is, a new scan interval will equal Tdwell = (T0 + 2  T1) – dTor Tdwell = (T0 – dT) + 2  T1 demo4 TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 14_26 10.10.2003

  16. Dwell Time changing scan interval can occurred with equal probability in plus and minus, if user reactions are symmetrical regarding dynamical threshold Tthresh. if user changed typing speed, each user replies AveRT < Tthresh.and Tdwell are permanently decreased due to decreasing T0, therefore the time to change Tthresh. in a kind of criterion could be index of some number of dT for instance, if T0 have changed on ((-3)  dT), the magnitude of Tthresh.may also be decreased, at least, on one half of this magnitude then, a new scan interval will equal Tdwell = (T0 – 3  dT) + 2  (T1– 3  dT/2) after changing dynamical threshold, probability of user replies in a field T2 will be higher and AveRT > Tthresh. this situation will lead, or not, to increasing T0 TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 15_26 10.10.2003

  17. Dwell Time Usability-testing software for… Adaptive dwelling TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 16_26 10.10.2003

  18. T0 changing T1 changing picGraph1 picGraph2 Timer2 Timer1 Dwell Time Data fraData ShapePos txtTest comments… Clear lblGrid2, 3 Open lblDwell chkColor Save Menu lblThresh chkBorder lblNAve lblIndexC lblGrid1 lblDelta chkSound chkAve chkCThresh lblWait chkTactile chkSAve Shape1 Shape2 lblDrawGraph lblError chkCursor chkSpots Shape9 Shape10 TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 17_26 10.10.2003

  19. Dwell Time Private Sub Form_MouseMove(…) bPos = False Xtmp1 = CInt(X) Ytmp1 = CInt(Y) Yes cursor is inside Shape1 Timer1.Enabled = 0, Int. = 0 Timer2.Enabled = 0, Int. = 0 ImmWebControl1.StopEffect bShape1 = False reset BorderColor, reset FillColor No Yes bThresh = True bShape1 = True Yes Yes No t2 = GetTickCount bShape1 = True bShape2 = True t1 > 0 Change Border Color =1 Yes Yes Yes bShape2 = False reset BorderColor reset FillColor kThresh = CInt(t2 - t1) Shape1.BorderColor = &H80& reply's time or (T0 + T1) t1 = GetTickCount Timer1.Enabled = True Timer1.Interval = tDwell If bThresh = True Then ChangeDwell If bThresh = True Then ChangeDwell Exit TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 18_26 10.10.2003

  20. Dwell Time Private Sub ChangeDwell() kThresh > 100 or tDwell/2 ArrThresh(nClick) = kThresh Yes ChangeDwell nClick < (nAve + 1) No ArrDTmp(nClick) = kThresh aveThresh = tThresh Yes ArrThresh(nClick) = tThresh ArrCThresh(nClick) = tThresh ArrScan(nClick) = tDwell t1 = 0: t2 = 0 No Shift of array and count of the sliding aveThresh chkSAve.Value = 1 aveThresh < min lower limit = tDelta + 20 chkAve.Value = 1 Yes aveThresh = min chkSAve.Value = 0 And chkAve.Value = 0 No aveThresh < tThresh - tDelta aveThresh = tThresh aveThresh > tThresh + tDelta TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 19_26 10.10.2003

  21. Dwell Time Private Sub ChangeDwell() aveThresh < tThresh - tDelta aveThresh > tThresh + tDelta tDwell = tDwell - tDelta sDelta = sDelta - tDelta tDwell = tDwell + tDelta sDelta = sDelta + tDelta tDwell < 50 lower limit tDwell = 50 ArrScan(nClick) = tScan new current value sDelta < (-1)  tIndex  tDelta sDelta > tIndex  tDelta tThresh = tThresh + CInt(sDelta / 2) sDelta = 0 tThresh = tThresh + CInt(sDelta / 2) sDelta = 0 tThresh < 50 tThresh = 50 lower limit ArrCThresh(nClick) = tThresh new current value Line1.BorderColor = &HFF00FF Line1.Y2 = picGraph1.ScaleHeight - tThresh Line1.Y1 = Line1.Y2 TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 20_26 10.10.2003

  22. Dwell Time after some kind of calibration the proposed algorithm will automatically keep dwell interval near convenient magnitude with given speed or increment dT adaptive temporal interval could be useful for many applications, which require of the periodic time correction in dependence on user performance, for instance, in the systems (head / eye / finger tracking) using dwell time to simulate mouse actions etc. TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 21_26 10.10.2003

  23. Dwell Time T-Adaptive Unit form transfers buttons' events to the TextBox therefore you can use KeyPreview or directly txtControl TextBox TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 22_26 10.10.2003

  24. Dwell Time Private Sub ChangeScan() rTime > 100 or tScan/2 ArrThresh(nClick) = rTime - tScan T0 Yes ChangeScan nClick < (nAve + 1) No ArrDTmp(nClick) = rTime - tScan aveThresh = tThresh Yes ArrThresh(nClick) = tThresh ArrCThresh(nClick) = tThresh ArrScan(nClick) = tScan t1 = 0: t2 = 0 No Shift of array and count of the sliding aveThresh aveThresh < min lower limit Yes aveThresh = min No aveThresh < tThresh - tDelta aveThresh > tThresh + tDelta TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov 23_26 10.10.2003

  25. Dwell Time Private Sub ChangeScan() aveThresh < tThresh - tDelta aveThresh > tThresh + tDelta tScan = tScan - tDelta sDelta = sDelta - tDelta tScan = tScan + tDelta sDelta = sDelta + tDelta tScan < 100 lower limit tScan = 100 ArrScan(nClick) = tScan new current value sDelta > tIndex  tDelta sDelta < (-1)  tIndex  tDelta tThresh = tThresh + CInt(sDelta / 2) sDelta = 0 tThresh = tThresh + CInt(sDelta / 2) sDelta = 0 tThresh < 50 tThresh = 50 lower limit ArrCThresh(nClick) = tThresh new current value TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 24_26 10.10.2003

  26. Dwell Time References [1] Accot, J., Zhai, Sh. More than dotting the i’s — Foundations for crossing-based interfaces, CHI 2002, April 20-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. / AccotZhai2002.pdf [2] Zhai, Sh., Morimoto, C., Ihde, S. Manual And Gaze Input Cascaded (MAGIC) Pointing. In Proc. CHI’99: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 246-253, Pittsburgh, 15-20 May1999. / magic.pdf [3] Jacob, R.J.K. Eye Movement-Based Interaction Techniques and the Elements of Next-Generation, Non-WIMP User Interfaces, http://www.roetting.de/eyes-tea/history/020919/jacob.html [4] Jacob, R.J.K. What You Look At Is What You Get: Eye Movement-based Interaction Techniques. CHI’90. / EyeMovBasedInteraction.pdf [5] Jacob, R.J.K. Eye Movement-based Human-Computer Interaction Techniques: Toward Non-Command Interfaces. / EyeMovementBased.pdf [6] Shell, J.S., Vertegaal, R., Skaburskis, A.W. EyePliances: Attention-Seeking Devices that Respond to Visual Attention. CHI2003 / EyePliances.pdf [7] Hyrskykari, A. Gaze Control as an Input Device. / gazecontrol.pdf [8] Aoki, H., Itoh, K., Sumitomo, N. and Hansen, J.P. Usability of Gaze Interaction Compared to Mouse and Head-Tracking in Typing Japanese Texts on a Restricted On-Screen Keyboard for Disabled People. / GazeInteraction_iea2003-aoki.pdf [9] Myers, B.A., Bhatnagar, R., Nichols, J., Choon Hong Peck, Kong, D., Miller, R. and Long, A.Chr. Interacting at a Distance: Measuring the Performance of Laser Pointers and Other Devices. CHI 2002, April 20-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. / InteractingAtDistance.pdf [10] Cheng, K., Pulo, K. Direct Interaction with Large-Scale Display Systems using Infrared Laser Tracking Devices. Australasian Symposium on Information Visualisation, Adelaide, 2003. / DirectInteractionLargeScaleDisplays.pdf TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 25_26 10.10.2003

  27. Dwell Time [11] Hwang, F. Partitioning Cursor Movements in “Point and Click” Tasks. ACM 1-58113-630-7/03/0004. CHI 2003, April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. / PartitioningCursor Movements.pdf [12] Olsen Jr., D.R. and Nielsen, T. Laser Pointer Interaction. CHI2001, SIGCHI’01, March 31-April 4, 2001, Seattle, WA, USA. / LaserPointerInteraction.pdf [13] Steriadis, C.E. and Constantinou, Ph. Designing Human-Computer Interfaces for Quadriplegic People. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2003. / Interafce_QuadriplegicPeople.pdf [14] Lankford, C. Effective Eye-gaze Input Into Windowstm. Eye Tracking Research & Applications Symposium 2000 Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA. / EffectiveEyeGazeInput.pdf [15] Bates, R. Have Patience with Your Eye Mouse! Eye-Gaze Interaction with Computers Can Work. pp. 33-37. / EyeMouseGazeInteraction.pdf [16] Ware, C., Mikaelian, H.H. An Evaluation of an Eye Tracker as a Device for Computer Input. CHI + GI 1987 / EvaluationEyeTracker_Input.pdf [17] Hinckley, K., Pausch, R., Goblel, J.C. and Kassell, N.F. A Survey of Design Issues in Spatial Input. / Spatial_InputSurvey.pdf [18] Edwards, G. A Tool for Creating Eye-aware Applications that Adapt to Changes in User Behavior. / EyeAwareApplications_Adapt.txt [19] Youngblut, C., Johnson, R.E. et al. Review of Virtual Environment Interface Technology, Institute for Defence Analyses, available at http://www.hitl.washington.edu/scivw/scivw-ftp/publications/IDA-pdf/ TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 26_26 10.10.2003

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