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The Progressive Era

The Progressive Era. 1890-1915. The first modern reform movement. Women’s suffrage Child labor laws Prohibition Conservation Trust busting Shorter working hours Voting reforms Graduated income tax Social welfare reforms. Change: Immigration.

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The Progressive Era

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  1. The Progressive Era 1890-1915

  2. The first modern reform movement • Women’s suffrage • Child labor laws • Prohibition • Conservation • Trust busting • Shorter working hours • Voting reforms • Graduated income tax • Social welfare reforms

  3. Change: Immigration After the depression of the 1890s, immigration jumped from a low of 3.5 million in that decade to a high of 9 million in the first decade of the new century. After the 1880s, immigrants increasingly came from Eastern and Southern European countries, Asia, Canada, and Latin America. New Immigration 1880-1920s

  4. Change: Urbanization Reformer Jacob Riis documented poor immigrants in the slums on the lower east side in NYC in How the Other Half Lives

  5. Change: Industrialization Lewis Hine documented poor laborers, especially children, working long hours under harsh conditions.

  6. Other changes T. Roosevelt • Technological changes that impact communication/transportation • Development of modern social sciences • New styles of presidential leadership • New role of US as a power in world affairs W. Wilson Great White Fleet 1907

  7. Middle Class Concerns • Economic power concentrating in the hands of a few industrialists • Rising power of big business • Increasing gap between rich and poor • Violent conflicts between labor and capital • Dominance of corrupt political machines in the cities • Minorities: racist, Jim Crow laws in the South • Political reform and greater democracy William “Boss” Tweed

  8. Who were the progressives? • Middle class • Educated • Residents of cities • Protestants • Optimistic about human nature • Women found a public role in reform Ida Tarbell & Florence Kelley

  9. Who were the progressives? • Fought for social reform and believed government power could be used to achieve it • Believed that cleaning up an environment would improve the people living in it—(saloons, movie houses, temperance, prostitution, city beautiful movement) Carry Nation & Lincoln Steffens

  10. Who were the progressives? • Feared immigration (Jane Addams an exception) • Wanted to humanize big business, not eliminate it • Believed in the virtue of efficiency Jane Addams & Frederick Taylor

  11. Influences Horace Mann Susan B. Antony & Elizabeth C. Stanton • Reformers (1840s) • Populism (1890s) Grimke Sisters W. J. Bryan Mary Lease Dorothea Dix

  12. Influences • Pragmatism--practical. From John Dewey and William James. Pragmatists believed that people should take a pragmatic or practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. • They should experiment with ideas and laws and test them in action until they found something that seemed to work well for the better ordering of society William James (top), John Dewey (bottom)

  13. Influences • Scientific Management—efficiency. From Frederick Taylor. Businesses and governments should organize in the most efficient manner possible. Time and motion studies efficiency

  14. Influences • Social Gospel—Christians have social responsibility (Washington Gladden, Walter Rauschenbusch) • Goals of the movement were ending child labor, a weekly day off, a living wage, improved working conditions for women, and religious/moral education for the poor. Because they stressed God’s love for all over damnation, it was known as a “church of love.” Gladden Rauschenbusch

  15. Influences • Professionalism—growth of professions and professional organizations. • American Medical Association • American Bar Association • American Federation of Teachers

  16. Influences • Civic organizations • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Society of American Indians (1911) An 1890 photo of Carlos Montezuma, a member of the Society of American Indians

  17. Influences Alice Paul Presidents Wilson and T. Roosevelt • Charismatic leaders/feminists Margaret Sanger Eugene V. Debs W. E. B. DuBois

  18. Influences Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens Upton Sinclair Ray S. Baker S. S. McClure David G. Phillips • Writers (i.e. Muckrakers)

  19. Influences William Glackens George Bellows Robert Henri John Sloan George Luks • Artists (i.e. Ashcan School)

  20. Influences Niagara Movement Booker T. Washington & Tuskegee Inst.

  21. Influences IWW Knights of Labor AF of L American Railway Union • Labor leaders & unions S. Gompers Bill Haywood E. Debs

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