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Chapter Three

Chapter Three. BIOCHEMISTRY. Ch. 3 – sec 1. 96.3% of the total weight of the human body is made up of just four elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. All compounds classified into two groups: Organic Compounds = Contain carbon.

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Chapter Three

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  1. Chapter Three BIOCHEMISTRY

  2. Ch. 3 – sec 1 • 96.3% of the total weight of the human body is made up of just four elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. • All compounds classified into two groups: • Organic Compounds = Contain carbon. • Most matter in living things that is not water, is made up of organic compounds. • Inorganic Compounds = Do not contain carbon. • Example: Water!

  3. Large Carbon Molecules • Monomers = The smaller compounds which are joined together to form polymers. • Mono- means ________ • Poly- means __________ • Macromolecules = VERY large polymers • Macro- means GIANT

  4. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. Sometimes these are also called biomolecules. (molecules of life) • The molecules that are in all living cells!

  5. Nucleic Acids • Contain elements C, H, O, N, P • Only two examples of nucleic acids • DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) • RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid) • Monomer = Nucleotide • What is in a Nucleotide? • Sugar (ring structure) • phosphate • nitrogen base

  6. Nucleotide – the monomer (repeating unit) that builds to make DNA

  7. DNA/RNA Function • store and transmit hereditary information • codes for proteins -which determine traits (your genes) • DNA  RNA  Proteins

  8. DNA structure • Shape of Double Helix (twisted ladder) • “backbone” is alternating sugar/phosphate/sugar/phosphate/sugar… • “rungs” are the nitrogen bases • Exist in complementary PAIRS. • A (adenine) pairs with T (thymine) • C (cytosine) pairs with G (guanine)

  9. Complementary Base Pairs Can you tell me the other half of the DNA?

  10. “Code of Life” • The order or sequence of the nitrogen bases are different for every single living organism. • More similar species will have more similar codes but not identical • Human vs. Gorilla • Human vs. bacteria • The nitrogen bases are the “code”, which instructs the cell which proteins to make and makes all living organisms unique.

  11. Proteins • Contain elements C, H, O, N • Monomer = amino acids (building block of proteins). • There are 20 different amino acids • Many different proteins can be made depending on which amino acids combine • The sequence and number of amino acids = different proteins • Different proteins have different functions

  12. Two amino acids can bond together with a “peptide bond” through condensation reaction Polymers: Dipeptide – 2 amino acids Polypeptide – many amino acids (long chains)

  13. How are proteins made? • 1. DNA • 2. RNA • 3. Amino Acids (the building blocks) • 4. Proteins

  14. DNA  RNA  Amino Acid  Protein  Trait expression

  15. All the different proteins have different jobs but all are responsible expressing your traits/genes that was directed by the DNA code (sequence of nitrogen bases)

  16. Protein Examples & Functions • Speed up reactions in cells • Enzymes!!!! • Lactase – breaks down sugar lactose • Pepsin – breaks down proteins we eat in stomach

  17. StructuralKeratin, Elastin, CollagenCan find protein in skin, hair, nails, horns

  18. StorageCasein (found in milk)Ovalbumin (found in egg whites)

  19. HormonesInsulin (regulates blood sugar level)

  20. Transport- movementActin and Myosin (contractions in muscles)Hemoglobin (transports oxygen in blood)

  21. Structure of an amino acid

  22. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates contain C, H, O. • Monomers • Monosaccharide (one sugar) • Simple sugars • GLUCOSE!!

  23. Carbohydrates • 2 monosaccharides (monomers) bonded together will make a disaccharide • Small polymer • Still considered a “simple sugar” • Sucrose • Lactose • Maltose

  24. Carbohydrates • Many monosaccharide bonded together will make a polysaccharide. • Large polymer • Complex sugars • Polysaccharides are how organisms store extra sugar • Cellulose • Glycogen • STARCH

  25. Cellulose is a complex sugar that provide structure for plants!

  26. Carbohydrate Function • Main source of immediate fuel! • “Life runs on sugar” • Provides ENERGY (ATP) needed for cell metabolism. • Short term energy.

  27. Structure of carbohydrates“ring structures”

  28. Lipids • “Fats” • Contain elements C, H, O, and sometimes P • Really depends on what type of lipid. • Lipids are long chains of fatty acids and glycerol. • Lipids are NONPOLAR = do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)

  29. Function • Composes CELL (plasma) membrane • Used as chemical messengers • Reserve storage of energy • Long term energy

  30. Lipid Examples • Phospholipids • Cell membranes   • Triglycerides

  31. Steroids • Cholesterol • Hormones • Testosterone • Progesterone • Estrogen • Adrenocorticoid • Oils, butter, lard • Wax • Animals, plant leaves, bee, carnauba, etc.

  32. Saturated Fats = solid at room temp. • Ex. butter, lard, animal fat. • Unsaturated Fats = Liquid at room temperature. • Ex. oils, etc Diets that are high in fats (lipids) increase chances of cardiovascular disease.

  33. Structure = long chains!!!!

  34. Where does your all energy come from? Your cells utilize which one first?

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