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Polarization Modulation with PEM for CD (courtesy Hinds Instr.). Linear Dichroism Schematic (courtesy Hinds Instr.). Spectrometer UV or IR. Linear polarizer. PEM. Variable angle of incidence. Linear Dichroism - Reflection (IRRAS) (courtesy Hinds Instruments).
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Polarization Modulation with PEM for CD (courtesy Hinds Instr.)
Linear Dichroism Schematic(courtesy Hinds Instr.) Spectrometer UV or IR Linear polarizer PEM
Variable angle of incidence Linear Dichroism - Reflection (IRRAS) (courtesy Hinds Instruments) Surface can be metal (high reflection, often grazing incidence) or dielectric, or even air-water interface For film on liquid use Langmuir-trough for sample--studies of peptides and proteins in membranes possible, orientation from polarization
ATR Polarization Measurements IR beam multiply reflectsinside crystal -- penetrates surface keeps polarizations: Eperp in surface, Epara partially out In from FTIR E Crystal- Typ: Ge, ZnSe High index for refl. out Sample coated on crystal
Schematic – External reflectance FTIR & L-B trough Dluhy, App.Spec.Rev.2000
z E|| z B|| x B| E y x n = c/l l Light—Electro-Magnetic (E-M) radiation Tool for probing quantum mechanical states k|| y