Agenda

1. Agenda Language: • Kanji Review • New Kanji – 言語円百 • RU Verb Conjugation – use sheet from last class • Return Papers History: • Lecture Notes on Early Chinese History Culture: Terra Cotta Army

2. Review PHRASES • おはよう • こんにちは • さよなら • ありがとう • すみなせん • いただきます • ごちそうさま

3. Review Matching • いってきます　－　いってらっしゃい • ただいまー　おかえりなさい • げんきですかー　げんきです/げんきじゃない • なまえはなんですかーわたしのなまえは＿＿＿＿です。 • いまはなんじですか　－いま＿＿＿じです

4. Early Chinese History China in the Bronze Age: The Shang Zhou and Qin Dynasties Ca. 1500-208 B.C.E.

5. Shang Dynasty1500-1045 B.C.E. • Developed following the Xia Dynasty • -Urban life developed later than in Egypt • -Known for bronze work, technical skill, and artistic imagination • -created writing system based on pictographs • -pictures represented sounds or ideas • -development of trade and commerce

6. Shang Dynasty1500-1045 B.C.E. • Existed in Anyang, near modern Henan Province • Documented in excavated and transmitted texts – proves existence • Key text – oracle bone inscriptions • Shang kings were military chieftains • Regularly sent out armies of 3-5 thousand men on war campaigns and hunting expeditions • War captives were enslaved or sacrificed to, Di

7. Shang Dynasty1500-1045 B.C.E. • Shang King (Wu Ding – 1200 B.C.E.) • Acted as high priest • Wrote questions on oracle bones, interpreted cracks caused by fire – first form of writing • Qualified to offer sacrifices to ancestors and Di • Di commanded rain, thunder, and wind • Shang Palaces • Constructed of rammed earth and perishable materials • Nothing remains today but underground tombs

8. Shang Dynasty1500-1045 B.C.E. • Burials • Interred human beings • Captives not needed as slaves became sacrifices • Others buried with king • Spouses • Retainers • Servants • Volunteers

11. Sacrifice Victims

12. Shang Dynasty1500-1045 B.C.E. • Farmers • Commanded to work for king through violence and coercion • Lived in partially below ground huts • Practiced animal husbandry • Little rights as individuals • Craftsmen • Urban centers • Worked in stone, bone, bronze and clay • Cultivation of silk – worms feed on mulberry trees • Shang era silk recently found in Egyptian tomb

13. Shang Dynasty1500-1045 B.C.E. • Writing • Oracle bones show writing as major element in Chinese culture by 1200 B.C.E. • Developed earlier but written on perishable materials • Impacts of Writing • Records – war, hunting, economics • Basis for later Chinese writing system • Logographic – ideas/one character • Free of phonological change • Educated Chinese could read text written centuries earlier • Greater connection with past - ancestors more important • Allowed for communication over great distance regardless of different dialects • Spread to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam – created basis for those written languages

14. Shang Dynasty1500-1045 B.C.E.

15. Shang Dynasty1500-1045 B.C.E.

16. Shang Dynasty1500-1045 B.C.E. • Metalworking • Allowed for more complex forms of social organization • Prospect metals, remove them from their ores, fashion them into tools/ornaments 2000 B.C.E. • Large scale production 1500 B.C.E. • Mostly decorative items; not weapons • Division of Labor – increased cultural stratification • Miners, refiners, transporters, charcoal production, skilled artisans to create molds, and managers to oversee production • Bronze Technology • Luxury items, improved craftsmanship • Improved weapons • Fittings for chariot wheels • Wheel technology diffused across Asia – not local

18. Shang spearhead. • White jade blade on a bronze haft inlaid with turquoise.

19. Western Zhou Dynasty1045-771 B.C.E. • -no strong central government • -separate kingdoms with local lords • -unstable relationship with Zhou Emperors • -influence diminished over time

20. Western Zhou Dynasty1045-771 B.C.E. • Developed between the Shang and Qiang (near present day Tibet) Cultures • Shared material culture of the Shang • Defeated Shang in 1045 B.C.E. • Separated by Eastern Zhou Dynasty by location of capital • Western – Shaanxi Province • Eastern – Henan Province

22. Western Zhou Dynasty1045-771 B.C.E. • Three rulers credited with the Conquest of the Shang – recorded in the Book of Documents • King Wen (cultured or lettered) • King Wu (martial) • Duke of Zhou (Brother to Wu, regent for Wu’s heir) • Book of Documents • Earliest text of the Zhou, contains speeches and reports of the “just” Zhou defeating the “evil” enemy, the Shang. (writing history!)

23. Western Zhou Dynasty1045-771 B.C.E. • Zhou differed from Shang: • Use of oracle bones was less common • Human sacrifice was less common • Burial of followers to the king declined • Mandate of Heaven introduced

24. Western Zhou Dynasty1045-771 B.C.E. • Mandate of Heaven • Heaven gives the king right to rule • Must rule in the interest of the people • Book of Documents writes of a close relationship between Heaven and the king (son of Heaven)

25. Western Zhou Dynasty1045-771 B.C.E. • Zhou Political Structure • King was at the center of political structure • Head of royal lineage/lord of nobility • Assigned relatives of the king to rule conquered territories • Decentralized government

26. Western Zhou Dynasty1045-771 B.C.E. • Western Zhou Society and Culture • Aristocratic • Hierarchy of wealth and political power • Passed down through family lines (first sons) • Book of Poetry • Earliest Chinese songs and poems • Love songs • Glimpses of court life and cermonies

27. Eastern Zhou Period770-256 B.C.E. • Overview • Intellectual foundations of Chinese Society • Political fragmentation/Moral crisis • Kings ruled by default but continued to lose power • vassals competed for money, land and power • evolved into Warring States Period • Competition fostered social, technological and economic advances (think WWII)

28. Zhou divided into two periods based on location and events. • Spring Period • During the Western Zhou, kings ruled from Xian in a peaceful period. • Autumn Period • Later conflict arose, kings moved east to Luoyang, beginning the Eastern Zhou period.

30. Zhou Achievements • Before Zhou, Chinese metalwork done almost exclusively in bronze • Zhou learned to use cast iron instead of wrought iron, became backbone of economy • Iron was strong, could be cast more cheaply and more quickly than bronze • Iron weapons strengthened Zhou army, as did new weapons like catapult and creation of China’s first cavalry

31. Growth • Population grew under Zhou • Farmers learned new techniques, increased size of harvest, created food surpluses; cities also grew • Roads, canals allowed better transportation, communication • Introduced coins, use of chopsticks

32. Decline • Conflict arose during latter part of Zhou dynasty • Clan leaders within China rose up against king • As time passed, more and more local leaders turned against Zhou, further weakening rule

33. Period of the Warring States 403-221 B.C. • last period of the Zhou Dynasty • periods of crisis laid foundations for Chinese thought and culture (Confucius developed thought based on this disorder) • Qin arose as the next dynasty, bringing an end to the Warring States Period

34. Intellectual Contributions • Confucianism • Daoism • Legalism • Governmental philosophy that concentrated on proposing political solutions to disorder and techniques for the accumulation of power. (what job is this equivalent to today?)