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Lecture Outline

Lecture Outline. Stereotyping Self-fulfilling prophecies Prejudice Realistic group conflict theory Minimal group paradigm. African American. White. Stereotyping. Applying one’s stereotype to an individual. Ambiguous Behavior (e.g., poking). More mean & threatening. cp.

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Lecture Outline

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  1. Lecture Outline • Stereotyping • Self-fulfilling prophecies • Prejudice • Realistic group conflict theory • Minimal group paradigm

  2. African American White Stereotyping • Applying one’s stereotype to an individual Ambiguous Behavior (e.g., poking) More mean & threatening cp

  3. Function of Stereotypes • Cognitive Miser Perspective: • Stereotyping easier than • judging targets according • to personal attributes

  4. Time Pressure StudyKruglanski & Freund (1983) Essay Sephardic Jew Ashkenazi Jew Manipulation Time Pressure No Time Pressure cp

  5. B C D D Time Pressure StudyKruglanski & Freund (1983) cp

  6. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies • A false belief that leads to its own fulfillment: • Perceiver develops false belief about a target • Perceiver treats target in a manner consistent with false belief • Target responds to the treatment in such a way as to confirm the originally false belief cp

  7. Two Types of SFPs • Positive SFPs: • Perceiver overestimates target’s ability • Perceiver treats target consistent with that overly positive belief • Target responds by confirming the overly positive belief cp

  8. Two Types of SFPs • Negative SFPs: • Perceiver underestimates target’s ability • Perceiver treats target consistent with that overly negative belief • Target responds by confirming the overly negative belief cp

  9. Learned the maze better Dumb Rat - Smart Rat Study Positive Belief Negative Belief Smart Rat Dumb Rat cp

  10. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Stereotypes • Self-fulfilling prophecies • can contribute to social problems

  11. Interview Study • Study 1 • Do W treat AA and W different? • Participants interviewed confederate for a job Confederate: African American or White cp

  12. Interview Study • Results: Study 1 Interview length: AA < W Distance: AA > W Eye contact: AA < W Speech dysfluencies: AA > W cp

  13. Interview Study • Study 2 • Does differential treatment • influence behavior? Confederates interviewed participant for job Treated participant like AA or W were treated in Study 1 cp

  14. Interview Study Results: Study 2 Treated like African Americans Treated like Whites Worse Performance Better Performance cp

  15. Prejudice • Positive or negative feeling about person based on attitude about person’s group

  16. Causes of Prejudice • 1. Competition between groups • 2. Simple distinction between groups

  17. Realistic Group Conflict Theory • Prejudice stems from • competition between groups cp

  18. Summer Camp Studies Purpose: Competition Prejudice

  19. Robber’s Cave Study • Phase 1: In-group Identity • Build cohesion among in-group

  20. Robber’s Cave Study • Phase 2: Intergroup Conflict • Create competitive environment

  21. Robber’s Cave Study • Each boy rated own group and other group • brave • tough • friendly • sneaky • smart aleck • stinker

  22. Robber’s Cave Study Bean Toss: • Collected as many beans as possible • Estimate # beans in a sack • Overestimated beans collected by in-group • Underestimated beans collected by out-group cp

  23. Robber’s Cave Study • Phase 3: Restoring Harmony • Create harmonious environment • with superordinate goals • (goals that can only be achieved if both groups work together cooperatively)

  24. Robber’s Cave Study • Competition led to prejudice. • When competition removed, prejudice stopped

  25. Minimal Group Paradigm • Simple distinction • between groups causes bias cp

  26. Minimal Group Paradigm • 1. Alone & anonymous • 2. Estimated dots • 3. Labeled: Over- or Underestimators • 4. Completed pay off matrices cp

  27. Minimal Group Paradigm • Payoff Matrix • #26, one of the: • overestimators • (in-group) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 • #17, one of the: 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 • underestimators • (out-group) • Boys most often selected 12:11 strategy • Fairness combined with ingroup profit cp

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