LIS508 using Debian GNU/Linux

1. LIS508using Debian GNU/Linux Thomas Krichel 2010-01-10

2. ssh • The main protocol we use to communicate with the server is the secure shell “ssh”. • The server has to have ssh server software installed. • Any rented server will have this. • Otherwise run “aptitude install openssh-server”

3. installing putty • Go to your favorite search engine to search for putty. • If you have administrator rights install the installer version. • Since you have already installed winscp, you should have no further problems.

4. putty options • In the window/translation choose UTF-8, always. • Find out what the size of your screen for the font that you are using, and save that in your session. • For wotan, the port is 22, ssh. • You can choose to disable the annoying bell.

5. how is ssh secure • ssh uses public key cryptography. • It can cope with serveral crytographic algorithm. The most common one is rsa. • In public key cryptography, you have two keys. • One is the private key. • The second is the public key.

6. private key • Using the private key, I can decrypt a message that has been encrypted using my public key. • Somebody can check that I am who I claim to be because by keeping the private key private, I am the only one who can decrypt it.

7. authorizing keys • If you want to give your friend access to an account, you can ask her for her public key. • You will then authorize the public key by storing it in a file with authorized keys. • When an somebody comes along and pretends to be your friend you can challenge her to decode a message encoded with your friends public key.

8. public key • Using the public key, I can encrypt a message and send it to you. • Once the message is encrypted, I can not decode it any more. The public key can not be used to decode a message. • This is the reason why the encryption key can be made public.

9. communication with the server • Assume we are using a Microsoft Windows client. • For file editing and manipulation, we use putty. • For file transfer, we use winscp. • Both are available on the web.

10. password authentication • When we login to a machine, we give a password for the user that we login as. • This a common form of authenticiation. • The idea is that we keep the password secret.

11. key authenticatiton • ssh uses public key • This a common form of authenticiation. • The idea is that we keep the password secret.

12. key creation • “ssh-keygen” is the command to use to create a key. Answer all questions with the <ENTER> key. • “cd .ssh” and “ls -l” shows you the contents of the directory .ssh created in the first step. • The file “id_rsa.pub” has your public key.

13. authorized_keys • In .ssh, you can maintain a file “authorized_keys” that contains the public keys of all users you authorize to access the account, one line per user. • “cp id_rsa.pub authorized_keys” will authorize yourself. Then “ssh user@wotan” will allow you to login again as you on wotan. • You can also create a public key with putty.

14. issuing commands • While you are logged in, you talk to the computer by issuing commands. • Your commands are read by command line interpreter. • The command line interpreter is called a shell. • You are using the Bourne Again Shell, bash.

15. bash features • bash allows to browse the command history with the up/down arrow keys. • bash allows to edit commands with the left/right arrow keys. • You can complete command and file names with <TAB>. • bash comes with a language of commands that allows to write batch files. • “exit” is the command to leave the shell.

16. environment variables • These are variables used by the shell. • Two important ones are • $HOME your home directory • $PATH the location where bash will search for executable files. • echo $HOME will show you your home directory. • “env” is a command that can be used to see all environment variables.

17. bash initialization • Files that start with a dot are hidden. They are only seen with “ls -a”. • .bashrc is a file written in bash language that is run every time bash is started. • .bash_profile or .profile is run when the shell is started at login. • You can customize these files.

18. files, directories and links • Files are continuous chunks data on disks that are required for software applications. • Directories are files that contain other files. Microsoft calls them folders. • In UNIX, the directory separator is “/” • The top directory is “/” on its own.

19. home directory • When you first log in to wotan you are placed in your home directory /home/username • “cd” is the command that gets you back to the home directory. • The home directory is also abbreviated as “~“ • cd ~user gets you to the home of user user. • “cd ~” does what?

20. ~/public_html • The web server on wotan will map requests to http://wotan.liu.edu/~user to show the file ~user/public_html/index.html • The web server will map requests to http://wotan.liu.edu/~user/file to show the file ~user/public_html/file • The server will do this by virtue of a configuration option.

21. changing directory, listing files • “cd directory” changes into the directory directory • the current directory is “.” • its parent directory is “..” • “ls” lists files

22. users and groups • “root” is the user name of the superuser. • The superuser has all privileges. • There are other physical users, i.e. persons using the machine • There are users that are virtual, usually created to run a daemon. For example, the web sever in run by a user www-data. • Arbitrary users can be put together in groups.

23. permission model • Permission of files are given • to the owner of the file • to the group of the file • and to the rest of the world • A group is a grouping of users. Unix allows to define any number of groups and make users a member of it. • The rest of the world are all other users who have access to the system. That includes www-data!

24. listing files • “ls” lists files • “ls -l” make a long listing. It contains • elementary type and permissions (see next slide)‏ • owner • group • size • date • name

25. first element in ls -l • Type indicator • d means directory • l means link • - means ordinary file • 3 letters for permission of owner • 3 letters for permission of group • 3 letters for permission of rest of the world • r means read, w means write, x means execute • Directories need to be executable to get in them.

26. change permission: chmod • usage: chmod permission file • file is a file • permission is three numbers, first for owner, 2nd for group and 3rd rest of the world. • Each number is sum of • 4 for read - 2 for write • 1 for execute - 0 for no permission • Example: chmod 764 file

27. general structure of commands • commandname –flag --option • Where commandname is a name of a command • flag can be a letter • Several letters set several flags at the same time • An option can also be expressed with - - and a word, this is more user-friendly than flags.

28. example command: ls • ls lists files • ls -l makes a long listing • ls -a lists all files, not only regular files but some hidden files as well • all files that start with a dot are hidden • ls -la lists all files is long listing • ls --all is the same as ls -a. --all is known as a long listing.

29. copying and removing files • cp file copyfile copies file file to file copyfile. If copyfile is a directory, it copies into the directory. • mv file movedfile moves file file to file movedfile. If movedfile is a directory, it moves into the directory. • rm file removes file,there is no recycling bin!!

30. directories and files • mkdir directory makes a directory • rmdir directory removes an empty directory • rm -r directory removes a directory and all its files • more file • Pages contents of file, no way back • less file • Pages contents of file, “u” to go back, “q” to quit

31. soft links • A link is a file that contain the address of another file. Microsoft call it a shortcut. • A soft link can be created with the command • ln -s file link_to_file where file is a file that is already there and link_to_file is the link.

32. file transfer • You can use winscp to upload and download files to wotan. • If uploaded files in the web directory remain invisible, that is most likely a problem with permission. Refer back to permissions. • chmod 644 * will put it right for the files • chmod 755 . (yes with a dot) will put it right for the current directory • * is a wildcard for all files. • rm -r * is a command to avoid.

33. editing • There are a plethora of editors available. • For the neophyte, nano works best. • nano file edits the file file. • nano -w switches off line wrapping. • nano shows the commands available at the bottom of the screen. Note that ^letter, where letter is a letter, means pressing CONTROL and the letter letter at the same time.

34. emacs • This is another editor that is incredibly rich and complex. • Written by Richard M. Stallman, of GNU and GPL fame. • Get an emacs cheat sheet of the web before you start it. Or look at next slide.

35. emacs commands • (here ^ stands for the control character)‏ • ^x^s saves buffer • ^x^c exits emacs • ^g escapes out of a troublesome situation • control+space sets the mark • ^w removes until the mark (cut)‏ • ^y pastes

36. common emacs/bash commands • ^k kills until the end of the line or removes empty line • ^y yank what has been killed (paste)‏ • ^a get to the beginning of the line • ^e get to the end of the line • These commands also work in the shell.

37. emacs modes • Just like people get into different moods, emacs gets into different modes. • One mode that will split your pants is the PHP mode. • Then look how emacs checks for completion of parenthesis, braces, brackets, and the ; and use the tab character to indent.

38. copy and paste • Putty allows to copy and paste text between windows and wotan. • On the windows machine, it uses the windows approach to copy and paste • On wotan machine, • you copy by highlighting with the mouse’ left button • you paste using the middle button • if you don't have a middle button, use left and right together

39. man • man is the manual lookup command • You usually say “man command” if you want to have an overview over the command. • man -k keyword looks up the man pages on the computer for pages with the keyword keyword. I don't find this very effictive ;-(

40. echo • echo is a command to desplay a line of text. • Example: echo foo

41. cat • This is a program that displays the contents of a file. • Use like “cat file” to display the contents of the file file.

42. more • This is a paging utility. • It is mostly used as part of a pipe. • You take the output of a command and pipe it to the input of the next command • Example “cat longfile | more” • | is the piping operator.

43. less • This is a paging utility. It does more than more. • You can use the command “u” to go up. • You must use the command “q” to leave the page.

44. du • du is a command to look at disk usage. • du -s makes a summary, rather than listing the usage of every. • The size is give in kilobytes. A kilobyte is 1024 bytes, not 1000 bytes.

45. ln -s • ln -s origin target makes a link from a target file target to an original file origin. • Then when you access target you get the same contents as in origin. • This concept is knows as a shortcut in Microsoft windows.

46. ssh • ssh user@host logs you in as user user on the host host. host can be a DNS name or an IP address. • If you don't have you public keys in the remote account's .ssh/autorized_keys file, you will be prompted for a password.

47. slogin • slogin is a bit of a synonym for ssh. • I use it often “slogin host -l user”.

48. scp • This copies files from one host to another. You can use it has complicated as “scp user1@host1:file1 user2@host2:file2. • But often one of the users is the current user on thee current host. In that case the user@host: bit can be left out. • If you don't have permissions via keys you will be prompted for passwords.

49. date • date says what time it is. • This depends on the locale, as set of conventions to deal with language issues.

50. find • find finds file in a directory. • This is a very important and powerful command. • Example: “find . -type f -name '*.deb'” finds all regular files ending with “deb” • The most powerful feature is “-exec command \;” that executes a command on the files found. Each file is represented by {}