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Dedicated as a tribute to Jean Tran Thanh Van and Kim

Summary Talk by Arnon Dar. Dedicated as a tribute to Jean Tran Thanh Van and Kim who step aside after initiating and organizing the past 44 Rencontres de Moriond in order to promote scientific collaboration and spread scientific knowledge beyond borders and ideological and racial barriers.

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Dedicated as a tribute to Jean Tran Thanh Van and Kim

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  1. Summary Talk byArnon Dar Dedicated as a tribute to Jean Tran Thanh Van and Kim who step aside after initiating and organizing the past 44 Rencontres de Moriond in order to promote scientific collaboration and spread scientific knowledge beyond borders and ideological and racial barriers

  2. Highlights on some key results presented in this conference in three major areas and on some observations relevant to life on planet Earth Observing the Universe with High Energy Gamma Ray- Cosmic Ray- and Neutrino Telescopes. Understanding and Modeling the High Energy Cosmic Sources and Their Observed High Energy Emissions . Recent Signs From Astrophysics And Cosmology On New Physics

  3. UHECR Physics Issues: ● Does a high-energy suppression exist? Is it due to the GZK effect? ● What are the extragalactic sources? ● What is the cause of the ankle? ● Is the ankle accompanied by a composition change? ● Where is the galactic-to-extragalactic transition in the spectrum and perhaps in composition? ● What is the cause of the second knee? (J. Belz, HiRes) GZK

  4. What are the extragalactic sources? PAO: AGN TRACERS OF UHECRs SOURCES – Θmax = 3.1° – Emin = 56 EeV – Zmax = 0.018 Abrahams et al., Science 318, 938 (2007), Astroparticle Physics 29, 188 (2008): Association by chance: P = 0.0017 THE BIRTH Of UHECRs ASTRONOMY ?

  5. HiRes Search, PAO Criteria θmax = 3.1° Emin = 56 EeV zmax = 0.018 Cen A M87 Correlation seen in 2/13 events > 56 EeV 3.2 expected randomly P = 83% No Effect The ‘Birth of UHECRs ASTRONOMY’ not confirmed by HiRes

  6. What is the cause of the ankle? Fabian Schüssler, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany Denis Allard APC, CNRS/Université Paris 7 The composition is getting heavy at the highest energies ? The ankle can be pair production dip in the extragalactic flux due to the energy and Z dependence of the pair production Xsection Realistic calculations must include diffusion of CRs below the knee into the Galaxy

  7. ● Is the ankle accompanied by a composition change ● Where is the galactic-to-extragalactic transition in the spectrum and perhaps in composition? Comparison between HiRes and PAO Hires knee

  8. UHERs - Conclusions 1. Allowing for a 10% adjustment in the relative normalization, HiReS and PAO measure a similar spectrum of UHECRs 2. HiReS does not confirm the `birth of UHECR Astronomy claimed by PAO (Arrival directions correlated with nearby AGN) 3. HiRes find a change in composition around the CR ankle to pure proton composition. PAO finds a significant fraction of nuclei above the CR ankle which increases with energy. More Statistics/analysis are Needed to Resolve these Discrepancies

  9. Gamma Ray Telescopes

  10. Sensitivity of gamma-ray detectors

  11. Amanda Weinstein (VERITAS Collaboration)

  12. Explosion of VHE Gamma Ray Sources More than 80 VHE sources known, and the number is keeping increasing. Diverse population of VHE sources: Galactic: Pulsars, SNR/PWNs, Binaries, Microquasars, OB Associations Extragalactic: Radio Galaxies, Blazars, BL-LACs (12 confirmed sources) But: No -ray signal from galaxy clusters found (yet) – Upper limits by EGRET, HESS, VERITAS No TeV -ray signal from GRB found (yet) Wystan Benbow, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

  13. Fermi so far: ~21 young radio pulsars ~15 new young pulsars ~9 MSPs Fermi-LAT pulsar detections (L. Guillemot) MSPs = pink dots. All of them are Galactic field sources. (close sources => appear outside of Galactic plane)

  14. limits on the EBL density The spectrum of Quasar 3C279 (z=0.536) the most distant detected (MAGIC) VHE γ-ray source put strong limits on the EBL density suggesting an EBL on the level of galaxy count Daniel Mazin

  15. Dark Matter

  16. Dark Matter or Modified Gravity (e.g. MOND) ? Evidence for DM from two Cosmic Supercolliders the "BulletCluster" 1E0657-56 and MACSJ0025-1222 Total Mass Gas Total Mass Galaxies observed Optically Hot Gas Observed by X-ray Emission Total Mass Maped by Weak Gravitational Lensing Maruša Bradač (UCSB)

  17. New Signs of Dark Matter?

  18. PAMELA is the first space experiment which ismeasuring the antiproton and positron cosmic-ray components to the high energies (100 GeV) with an unprecedented statistical accuracy. Antiproton to Proton Ratio Positron Fraction F.S. Cafagna, XLIV Recontres De Moriond, La Thuille 7th Feb. 2009

  19. Positron Fraction Pulsar Component Atoyan et al. 95 Pulsar Component Yüksel et al. 08 Pulsar Component Zhang & Cheng 01 Secondary production Moskalenko & Strong 98

  20. If PAMELA positron ratio is correct: ½ ? Dark matter fingerprints ? CR propagation from nearby SNe ? (spiral arm SNe: Piran+Shaviv) Moskalenko & Strong 1998

  21. Consistent with charge sign-dependent solar modulation. In the region of interest PAMELA and HEAT are completely consistent with each other. Caution: Misidentified CR p’s ? Michael Schubnell: HEAT- e± was first to employ powerful particle ID (rigidity vs. TRD vs. EM shower development) Resulting in improved hadron rejection ( ).

  22. Near Future Results on Electron Spectrum: PAMELA & FERMI (GLAST) (taking data in space); ATIC-4 (had successful balloon flight, under analysis); CREST (new balloon payload under development); AMS-02 (launch date TBD); CALET (proposed for ISS); ECAL (proposed balloon experiment). Positron/ Electron Separation: PAMELA & AMS-02

  23. Significant enhancement in the e flux around E ~ 600 GeV? Anihilation of ~ 600 GeV WIMP? (Extra dimension extension of the particle SM) ? Undiscovered extremely nearby astrophysical sources (Pulsars?) ? ATIC 2001 & 2003 Michael Schubnell University of Michigan electron Knee ?

  24. 1. The ATIC excess of electrons around 600 GeV implies a bump in the diffuse GBR around 1 GeV due to inverse Compton scattering (ICS) of the MBR which is not seen in the LAT data. (The largest enhancement should be observed at large latitudes where hadronic production of photons (via is strongly reduced relative to ICS.) 2. The CB model of CR acceleration in Galactic GRBs (mostly pointing away from us) predicted a CRe `knee’ at, as observed by H.E.S.S.

  25. NO GEV EXCESS IN THE DIFFUSE GBR Guolaugur Johannesson (Stanford)  The EGRET GeV excess is not seen with the LAT. The measured intermediate latitude γ-ray spectra can be explained by cosmic ray propagation models based on the locally observed spectrum of cosmic-ray nuclei and electrons.  No GeV excess  No evidence for GeV gammas from dark matter anihilation

  26. Not so good news for nu Astronomy No -ray signal from galaxy clusters found (yet) – Upper limits by EGRET, HESS, VERITAS Dalibor Nedbal, Wilfried Domainko Charles University, Prague Intracluster HE neutrinos:  No detectable flux of intracluster HE neutrinos No TeV -ray signal from GRB found (yet)  No detectable flux of TeV neutrinos from GRBs TeV Gamma Fluxes Suggest Too Small Fluxes to be Detected with current nu Telescopes

  27. The GRB Debate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ISSUE Majority View Minority View Observational Verdict (Year) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Origin Man made Nature PhenomenaVela Satellites 1967-1972 Place Solar System Outside Solar System (by Triangulation) 1967- 1973 Galactic Disk Cosmological - CGRO1973-1992 Large Galactic halo Ditant Galaxies BeppoSAX , HST, GBTs1997 Mechanism Relativistic Fireball Relativistic JetsCGRO, BeppoSAX 1992-1999 Producer n*-n* Merger SN ExplosionBeppoSAX , HST, GBTs 1998-2003 Radiation SR ICS BeppoSAX+Swift 1999-2008 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- On-going debate (no concenus) : Jets Conical Thin Shells Cannonbals Swift , HST, GBTs Composition Ordinary Matter Source Hypernova SN Type Ib/c (and II ?) HST, GBTs SN –GRBs Small fraction of SN Perhaps all SNIb/cIntegral Radiation SSC ICS of glory light Swift,Fermi Remnant BH, Magnetar n* or BH Swift , Fermi HST, GBTs Fermi

  28. GRB080825C: the 1st LAT GRB Jonathan Granot

  29. SHB081024 SHB with >1 GeV Delayed HE emission longer than the SHB • The delay of the HE emission seems to be a common feature of the GRBs observed by the LAT so far. Jonathan Granot

  30. CosmicThreats SN1054 FromGamma Ray Bursts and Cosmic Ray Bursts: Supernova Explosions The Crab Nebula. Light from 6500 light years reached Earth first in 1054. Merger of Compact Stars Collapse of Compact Stars Mass Accretion onto Compact Stars Cosmic Ray flux Modulation by : The largest ever recorded solar flare. EUV SOHO image. (global warming) Solar Activity Solar system passage through Spiral Arms Terrestrial Loss of Magnetic Shield

  31. GRB 080319B's X-ray afterglow GRB 080319B's optical afterglow Swift’s X-ray image of GRB 080319B GRB 080319B Was billion times more luminous than ordinary supernovae and the most distant object (6.5 billion year look-back time) which could be seen by the naked eye .

  32. The Galactic Monster Eta Carinae Eta Carinaeis currently the most massive star with the highest confirmed luminosity in the Galaxy at a distance of 7500 Ly from the sun. It had a giant eruption in 1843, and within a few years it emitted as much light as a supernova, faded and re-brightened recently. It may explode in a supernova or an hypernova (SN like SN 2006gy, 238 million Ly from Earth) and produce a GRB within the next millenia or even in a few years (like SN 2006jc at 77 million Ly away which erupted in almost an SN size explosion two years earlier). Placing GRB 990123 or GRB 080319B at 7500 Ly from Earth: 2 Equivalent to ~100 million one-kt A-bombs distributed uniformly (one per km ) at the top of the atmosphere, over the entire hemisphere facing Eta Carinae, and exploding simultaneously. Imminent Catastrophe ?

  33. Will Eta Carinae end in a supernova explosion ? -Yes, probably in a hypernova=super supernova (like SN 2006gy, at 238 million Ly from Earth) Will Eta Carinae Produce a GRB? -Yes, but probably beamed away from us, and I better be right! Pointing direction: away from Earth Cannonball model : Fireball model Beam’s opening angle: Beam’s opening angle: EARTH UNSAFE? EARTHSAFE!

  34. Indirect Evidence forBeaming from GRB light curves Breaks have different origin in the FB and the CB models. The estimated opening angle of the GRB is model dependent.Light curves with/ without breaks are reproduced well by the CB model, but not by the FB model! `Break’

  35. Thank you for your attention

  36. Cannonballs fired by SN1987A Nisenson & Papaliolios,ApJ, 518, L29 (1999) ApproachingCB (superluminal) Release: SN1987A Converted to Energy of a Cosmic Ray Beam and a Gamma Ray Burst RecedingCB

  37. Global Warming

  38. Tree Rings: Proxy of atmospheric CO2 level: CO2 content* Proxy of cosmic ray flux: C14 content** Proxy of the solar cycle duration*** Earth temperture is correlated with cycle duration: ** Carbon-14 is created in n+N14  p+C14 by neutrons produced in cosmic ray showers in the upper atmosphere

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