Chapter 17 Lecture Presentation

1. Chapter 17Lecture Presentation Reducing Risks and Coping with Chronic Conditions

2. Chronic Diseases • Chronic diseases and conditions develop over long periods of time and cause progressive damage. • Lifestyle and personal health are often implicated in the causes of these diseases, but many newer maladies are idiopathic. • Because these diseases affect millions of people, you or someone you love may be dealing with one of them.

3. Proportion of College Students Diagnosed with or Treated for Chronic Conditions in the Past 12 Months

4. Coping with Respiratory Problems • Lung disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, causing 1 in 16 deaths in 2009. • More than 35 million Americans have chronic diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. • Any disease or disorder that impairs lung function is considered a lung disease.

5. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases • Bronchitis • Acute or chronic • Acute bronchitis is caused by other infectious diseases and lasts only 1 or 2 weeks. • Nearly 10 million Americans suffer from chronic bronchitis. • Chronic bronchitis is diagnosed when the condition exists for at least 3 months of the year for 2 consecutive years.

6. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases • Emphysema • Emphysema and bronchitis often occur together. • Impaired lung function is called dyspnea, or a choking type of breathlessness. • More than 3.8 million Americans suffer from emphysema, and nearly 70 percent of cases occur in men.

7. Emphysema • Involves the gradual destruction of the alveoli of the lungs. • A person with emphysema finds it difficult to breathe. • There is a strong relationship between this disease and long-term cigarette smoking. • Inadequate oxygen supply, combined with overexertion of the heart, leads to premature death.

8. Asthma is a long-term, chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks air flow in and out of the lungs. It affects about 22 million Americans and is one of the most prevalent respiratory conditions, especially among children. The more common form of asthma is extrinsic or allergic asthma, triggered by allergies. Asthma

9. Asthma Is an Inflammation of the Airways within the Lungs

10. Asthma • Extrinsic asthma runs in families. Often, by adulthood, the disease goes away completely. • Intrinsic or nonallergenic asthma may be triggered by anything except an allergy. • In addition to avoiding triggers, finding the most effective medications can help asthmatics cope with the condition and avoid severe attacks.

11. Coping with Allergies • An allergy occurs when the body attempts to defend itself against a specific antigen. • An allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens such as molds, animal dander, pollen, grasses, ragweed, and dust. • Hypersensitivity occurs in response to foods such as peanuts, milk, and shellfish and to medicines. • Allergy disease affects as many as 40 to 50 million people in the United States.

12. Steps of an Allergic Response

13. Hay Fever and Food Allergies • Hay fever is most prevalent when ragweed and flowers are blooming. • It causes sneezing, itching, and watery eyes and nose. • Food allergies are most often triggered by milk, eggs, peanuts, other nuts, soybeans, wheat, fish, and shellfish. • Symptoms include mouth swelling, breathing difficulty, stomach pain, and diarrhea.

14. Coping with Neurological Disorders • More than 600 disorders affect the nervous system. • An estimated 50 million Americans are affected by neurological disorders each year. • Some disorders, such as migraine headaches and epilepsy, are well known, but others elude diagnosis.

15. Headaches • Tension-type headaches are caused by muscular contractions or tension in the head or neck. • Migraine headaches are painful, disabling, and have recurring symptoms with no known cause or cure. • Cluster headaches produce severe pain behind or around one eye. • Secondary headaches result from an underlying, usually organic condition.

18. Med-Free Migraine Relief • Can this technique really work? Would you try something like this? • The test subjects were not allowed to keep the device, even if it was working for them. Why? Do you think this is right? • In what ways do migraines differ from headaches? How do you know if you have a migraine?

19. Seizure Disorders • Seizure disorders affect approximately 3 million people in United States. • Seizure disorders are generally caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. • In most cases, people affected by seizure disorders can lead normal, seizure-free lives when they remain under medical supervision. • Epilepsy is a common seizure disorder.

20. Seizures • First aid for seizures: • Note the length of the attack. • Remove obstacles that could harm the victim. • Loosen clothing and turn the victim’s head to the side. • Do not force objects into the victim’s mouth. • Get help. • Reassure the victim. • Allow him or her to rest.

21. Maladies Specific to Women • Fibrocystic breast • Symptoms range from one small, palpable lump to large masses of irregular tissue found in both breasts. • Cause is unknown; treatment involves removing the fluid or removing the cyst. • Endometriosis • Characterized by abnormal growth and development of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. • Symptoms include severe cramping during and between menstrual cycles. • Treatment is often bed rest and stress reduction, but in some cases a hysterectomy may be required.

22. Understanding Over-the-Counter Painkillers • Why is it important to know how painkillers work in the body? • When you take a painkiller, do you read the fine print on the bottle? Why is this important? What long-term consequences might follow if you do not? • What downsides are linked to the two main categories of painkillers? Do you believe that the potential risks of taking painkillers outweigh the potential benefits? Why or why not?

23. Coping with Digestion-Related Disorders • Digestive disorders are increasing in the United States, where more than 95 million people have one or more such disorder. • Causes of digestive disorders are complex; the symptoms are subtle symptoms, and there is great variability in treatment and effectiveness.

24. Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of disorders of unknown cause in which the intestines become inflamed. • Symptoms are severe and include stomach cramping, bloating, pain, and bouts of bloody diarrhea. • Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease are the most common types of IBD.

25. Irritable Bowel Syndrome • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder rather than an inflammatory process. • The exact cause is unknown, but the normal muscular contractions in the intestines of individuals with IBS don’t work properly and food isn’t processed or eliminated as it should be. • Symptoms include nausea, pain, gas, or diarrhea caused by certain foods or stress. There is no cure for IBS, though there are several treatments for the relief of symptoms.

26. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease • Gastroesophageal reflux diseases (GERD) is commonly referred to as heartburn or acid reflux. • Risk factors include age, diet, alcohol use, obesity, pregnancy, and smoking. • Symptoms usually begin after a meal and can include coughing, choking, heartburn, and vomiting. • Prevention focuses on avoiding foods that cause attacks.

29. Coping with Musculoskeletal Diseases • There are over 100 types of arthritis. • Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. • Rheumatoid arthritis is a form of chronic inflammation. • Low back pain • Approximately 85% of the population will incur a back injury at some time in life. • Pain may be mild or severe. • Treatment may involve surgery, rehabilitation, and medications.

30. Proportion of Lost Work Days for Persons Aged 18 and Older by Major Medical Condition