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T H E S E N T E N C E. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

T H E S E N T E N C E. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. The sentence is the smallest unit of communication built up according to a definite syntactic pattern. Every sentence is characterized by its syntactic structure, special intonation contour, modality and predication.

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T H E S E N T E N C E. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

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  1. T H E S E N T E N C E.THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

  2. The sentence is the smallest unit of communication built up according to a definite syntactic pattern. Every sentence is characterized by its syntactic structure, special intonation contour, modality and predication.

  3. There are two principles of classification. Applying one of them, we obtain a classification into declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences. This principle can be called "types of communication". The other classification is according to structure. Here there are two main types: simple sentences and composite sentences.

  4. Types of SentencesAccording to Types of Communication (1) Declarative (2) Interrogative (3) Imperative Sentences belonging to the several types differ from each other in some grammatical points.

  5. The notion of exclamatory sentences and their relation to the ­three established types of declarative, interrogative, and impera­tive sentences present some difficulty. On the one hand, every sentence, whether narrative, interrogative or imperative, may be exclamatory at the same time, that is, it may convey the speaker's feelings and be characterized by emphatic intonation and by an exclamation mark in writing. But, he can't do anything to you! What can he possibly do to you! Scarlett, spare me!

  6. On the other hand, a sentence may be purely exclamatory, that is, it may not belong to any of the three types classed above. “Well, fiddle-dee-dee!" said Scarlett. Oh, for God's sake, Henry! However, it would perhaps be better to use different terms for sentences which are purely exclamatory, and thus constitute a spe­cial type, and those which add an emotional element to their basic quality, which is either declarative, or interrogative, or imperative.

  7. If this view is endorsed, Prof. Ilyishproposes to modify the classification of sen­tences according to type of communication in the following way: (1) Declarative (including emotional ones) (2) Interrogative (including emotional ones) (3) Imperative (including emotional ones) (4) Exclamatory

  8. Types of Sentences According to Structure (1) Simple (2) Composite

  9. Types of Simple Sentences Simple sentences are usually classified into two-member and one-member sentences. This distinction is based on a difference in the main parts of a sentence.

  10. In a sentence like Helen sighed there are obviously two main parts: Helen, which denotes the doer of the action and is called (grammatical) subject, and sighed, which denotes the action performed by the subject and is called (grammatical) predi­cate. Sentences having this basic structure, namely the subject and the predicate, are termed two-member sentences.

  11. However, there are sentences which do not contain two separate parts; in these sentences there is only one main part: the other main part is not there; and it could not even be supplied, at least not without a violent change in the structure of the sentence. They are termed one-member sentences: Fire! Come on! Dusk - of a summer night.

  12. One-member sentences should be kept apart from two-member sentences with either the subject or the predicate omitted, i.e. from elliptical sentences, which can be easily restored.

  13. By "elliptical sentences" B.A.Ilyishmeans sentences with one or more of their parts left out, or omitted, which can be unambiguously inferred from the context and easily restored. This term is applied to any sentence of this kind, no matter what parts of it have been left out.

  14. The main sphere of elliptical sentences is certainly dialogue: it is here that one or more parts of a sentence are left out because they are either to be supplied from the preceding sentence (belong­ing to another speaker) or may be easily dispensed with: Charlie. Have you asked her yet? Captain Jinks. Not often enough. (It is clear here that the answer means: I have, but not often enough.) Aurelia. … I hope you'll come to supper to-night - here. Will you? After the opera. Captain Jinks:Delighted!

  15. It is also clear here that Aurelia's second sentence means: Will you come to supper to-night? and that the captain’s answer means: I shall be delighted to come. Whatever is understood from the preceding context is omitted, and only the words containing the rheme are actually pronounced. Elliptical sentences or clauses can of course also occur outside dialogue.

  16. To be continued.

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