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Objectives. After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Declare variables and named constantsAssign data to an existing variableConvert data to the appropriate type using the TryParse method and the Convert class methodsWrite arithmetic expressionsUnderstand the scope and lifetime of var
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1. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded Fourth Edition Chapter Three
Memory Locations and Calculations
2. Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Declare variables and named constants
Assign data to an existing variable
Convert data to the appropriate type using the TryParse method and the Convert class methods
Write arithmetic expressions
Understand the scope and lifetime of variables and named constants Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 2
3. Objectives (cont'd.) Understand the purpose of the Option statements
Use a TOE chart, pseudocode, and a flowchart to code an application
Clear the contents of a control’s Text property during run time
Send the focus to a control during run time
Explain the difference between syntax errors and logic errors
Format an application’s numeric output Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 3
4. Internal Memory Internal memory: a component inside a computer comprised of memory locations
Each memory location has a unique numeric address and can hold only one item at a time
A programmer can reserve memory locations for a program by assigning each location a name, a data type, and an initial value
Data type: indicates the type of data the memory location will store
Two types of memory locations that a programmer can declare: variables and constants
Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 4
5. Internal Memory (cont'd.) Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 5
6. Variables Variables: computer memory locations used to temporarily store data while an application is running
Contents can change during run time
Use a meaningful variable name that reflects the purpose of the variable
Use camel casing for variable identifiers
Variable names should conform to naming rules
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7. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 7
8. Variables (cont'd.) Each variable must be assigned a data type, which determines the memory location’s data type
Each data type is a class
Integer, Long, or Short data types can store integers (whole numbers)
Decimal, Double, and Single data types: store real numbers (numbers with a decimal place)
Char data type: stores one Unicode character
String data type: stores multiple Unicode characters
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9. Variables (cont'd.) Unicode:
Universal coding scheme for characters that assigns a unique numeric value to each character
Other data types
Boolean data type: stores a value of True or False
Date data type: stores date and time information
Object data type: stores any type of data
Computer must determine the data type at run time, making it more inefficient
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10. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 10
11. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 11 Declaring a Variable in Code Declaration statement: used to declare, or create, a variable
Declaration statement includes:
Scope keyword: Dim, Private, or Static
Name of the variable and data type
Initial value (optional)
Initialization
Numeric data types: automatically initialized to 0
String data type: automatically initialized to Nothing
Boolean data type: initialized to False
12. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 12 Declaring a Variable in Code (cont’d.)
13. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 13 Declaring a Variable in Code (cont’d.)
14. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 14 Assigning Data to an Existing Variable Assignment statement:
Used to assign values to properties of controls
Used to assign values to variables
Assignment operator (=):
Expression on the right of the = operator is assigned to the variable on the left of the = operator
Expression: can contain literal constants, object properties, variables, keywords, or arithmetic operators
15. Assigning Data to an Existing Variable (cont'd.) Literal constant:
An item of data whose value does not change while the application is running
Can be a numeric or a string literal constant
A numeric literal without a decimal place is treated as an integer
A numeric literal with a decimal place is treated as a Double type
String literals are enclosed in quotation marks Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 15
16. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 16 Assigning Data to an Existing Variable (cont'd.)
17. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 17 Assigning Data to an Existing Variable (cont'd.)
18. Using the TryParse Method Method: a specific portion of a class’s instructions that performs a task for the class
TryParse method:
Part of every numeric data type’s class
Used to convert a string to that numeric data type
Argument: a value that is provided to a method
Basic syntax of TryParse method has two arguments:
String: string value to be converted
Variable: location to store the result Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 18
19. Using the TryParse Method (cont'd.) If TryParse conversion is successful, the method stores the value in the variable
If unsuccessful, a 0 is stored in the numeric variable
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20. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 20
21. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 21 Using the TryParse Method (cont'd.)
22. Using the Convert Class Methods Convert class:
Contains methods for converting numeric values to specific data types
Commonly used methods of the Convert class include:
ToDouble
ToDecimal
ToInt32
ToString
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23. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 23 Using the Convert Class Methods (cont’d.)
24. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 24 Including Variables in Arithmetic Expressions Arithmetic operators: used to perform calculations
Precedence number: indicates the order in which an operation in an expression is performed
If an expression has two operators with the same precedence, they are evaluated from left to right
Use parentheses to change the order of evaluation
Integer division operator (\): divides two integers and returns an integer value
Modulus arithmetic operator (Mod): divides two numbers and returns the remainder
25. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 25 Including Variables in Arithmetic Expressions (cont'd.)
26. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 26 Including Variables in Arithmetic Expressions (cont'd.)
27. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 27 Including Variables in Arithmetic Expressions (cont'd.)
28. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 28
29. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 29 Including Variables in Arithmetic Expressions (cont'd.)
30. Arithmetic Assignment Operators Arithmetic assignment operators: abbreviate an assignment statement that contains an arithmetic operator for specific cases
Statement must be of the form:
variableName =
variableName arithmeticOperator value Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 30
31. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 31 Arithmetic Assignment Operators (cont’d.)
32. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 32
33. The Scope and Lifetime of a Variable Scope: indicates where the variable can be used
Lifetime: indicates how long the variable remains in memory
Variables can have module scope, procedure scope, or block scope
A variable’s scope and lifetime are determined by where you declare the variable
Variables declared in the form’s Declarations section have class scope
Variables declared within a procedure have either procedure scope or block scope Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 33
34. Variables with Procedure Scope Procedure-level variable: declared within a procedure
Use the Dim keyword in the declaration
Procedure scope: only the procedure can use the variable
With procedure-level scope, two procedures can each use the same variable names
Comments:
Used to internally document the procedure
Are ignored by the compiler
Appear in green in the Code Editor
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35. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 35
36. Variables with Procedure Scope (cont’d.) Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 36
37. Variables with Class Scope Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 37
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40. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 40
41. Named Constants Named constant: memory location whose value cannot be changed while the application is running
Declared using the Const keyword
Good programming practice to specify the data type as well
Many programmers use Pascal case for named constants
Literal type character: forces a literal constant to assume a specific data type
Named constants help to document the program code
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44. Option Explicit, Option Infer, and Option Strict Undeclared variable: a variable that does not appear in a declaration statement (such as Dim)
Is assigned a data type of Object
Misspelling a variable name can result in an undeclared variable unless Option Explicit is on
Option Explicit On statement
Appears in the General Declarations section of the Code Editor window (above Public Class statement)
Enforces that all variables must be declared before being used Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 44
45. Option Explicit, Option Infer, and Option Strict (cont'd.) Option Infer Off statement: ensures that every variable is declared with a data type
Implicit type conversion: occurs when you attempt to assign data of one type to a variable of another type without explicitly attempting to convert it
If converted to a data type that can store larger numbers, the value is said to be promoted
If converted to a data type that can store only smaller numbers, the value is said to be demoted
Can cause truncation and loss of precision Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 45
46. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 46
47. Option Explicit, Option Infer, and Option Strict (cont'd.) Option Strict On statement: ensures that values cannot be converted from one data type to a narrower data type, resulting in lost precision Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 47
48. Option Explicit, Option Infer, and Option Strict (cont'd.) Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 48
49. Coding the Sunshine Cellular Application Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 49
50. Coding the Sunshine Cellular Application (cont'd.) Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 50
51. Using Pseudocode to Plan a Procedure Pseudocode: short phrases that describe the steps a procedure needs to take to accomplish its goal
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52. Using Pseudocode to Plan a Procedure (cont’d.) Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 52
53. Using a Flowchart to Plan a Procedure Flowchart: uses standardized symbols to show the steps a procedure must take to accomplish its goal
Can be used in place of pseudocode for planning
Three symbols:
Start/stop symbol (oval): indicates start and stop points
Process symbol (rectangle): represents tasks
Input/output symbol (parallelogram): represents input or output tasks
Flowlines: connect the symbols to show the direction Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 53
54. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 54
55. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 55 Coding the Calculate Order Button’s Click Event Procedure
56. Coding the Calculate Order Button’s Click Event Procedure (cont'd.) Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 56
57. Coding the Calculate Order Button’s Click Event Procedure (cont'd.) Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 57
58. Coding the Calculate Order Button’s Click Event Procedure (cont'd.) Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 58
59. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 59
60. Completing the Sunshine Cellular Application Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 60
61. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 61
62. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 62
63. Testing and Debugging the Application To test an application:
Select a set of sample data
Manually compute the expected output
Run the application and compare its output with the expected output
Bug: an error in the program code
Syntax error: an error that violates the programming language’s syntax
Usually caused by mistyping Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 63
64. Testing and Debugging the Application (cont'd.) Logic error: when the application does not perform as expected
Valid data: data that the application is expecting
Invalid data: data that is unexpected
Test a program with both valid and invalid data Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 64
65. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 65 Testing and Debugging the Application (cont'd.)
66. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 66 Testing and Debugging the Application (cont'd.)
67. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 67 Testing and Debugging the Application (cont'd.)
68. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 68 Formatting Numeric Output Formatting: specifying the number of decimal places and any special characters to display
ToString method of a variable can be used to format a number
FormatString argument: specifies the type of formatting to use
Precision specifier: controls the number of significant digits or zeros to the right of the decimal point
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70. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 70
71. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 71 Formatting Numeric Output (cont'd.)
72. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 72 Programming Tutorial 1
73. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 73 Programming Tutorial 2
74. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 74 Programming Example
75. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 75 Summary Variables and named constants are memory locations that store data
Variables can change value, but constants cannot
Variables and constants have a name, data type, initial value, scope, and lifetime
Use Dim or Static to declare a variable at block or procedure level
Use Private to declare a variable at class level
76. Summary (cont'd.) Assignment statement is used to assign values to an existing variable during run time
Literals are constant items of data that do not change during run time
String literal constants are enclosed in quotation marks
Use the TryParse method to convert a string to a number
The Convert class contains methods to convert values to a specified data type Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 76
77. Summary (cont'd.) A procedure-level variable is usable only by the procedure in which it is declared
A class-level variable is usable by all procedures in the form
A static variable is a procedure-level variable that retains its value even when the procedure ends
Use comments to document your code
Use Const to declare a named constant
Option Explicit On forces declaration of all variables before use
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78. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 78 Summary (cont'd.) Option Infer Off warns if a variable declaration does not include a data type
Option Strict On disallows any implicit type conversions that may cause a loss of data
Pseudocode or a flowchart is used to plan a procedure’s code
You can clear the contents of a text box or label control by assigning an empty string or String.Empty value
The Focus method moves the focus to a control
79. Summary (cont'd.) Test a program with both valid and invalid data
Use the ToString method to format a program’s numeric output with special characters, such as for currency, percentages, and number of decimal places Microsoft Visual Basic 2010: Reloaded, Fourth Edition 79