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Statistics

Statistics. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables. Where We’ve Been. Using probability to make inferences about populations Measuring the reliability of the inferences. Where We’re Going. Develop the notion of a random variable Numerical data and discrete random variables

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Statistics

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  1. Statistics Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  2. Where We’ve Been • Using probability to make inferences about populations • Measuring the reliability of the inferences McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  3. Where We’re Going • Develop the notion of a random variable • Numerical data and discrete random variables • Discrete random variables and their probabilities McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  4. 4.1: Two Types of Random Variables • A random variable is a variable hat assumes numerical values associated with the random outcome of an experiment, where one (and only one) numerical value is assigned to each sample point. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  5. 4.1: Two Types of Random Variables • A discreterandom variable can assume a countable number of values. • Number of steps to the top of the Eiffel Tower* • A continuousrandom variable can assume any value along a given interval of a number line. • The time a tourist stays at the top once s/he gets there *Believe it or not, the answer ranges from 1,652 to 1,789. See Great Buildings McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  6. Discreterandom variables Number of sales Number of calls Shares of stock People in line Mistakes per page Continuousrandom variables Length Depth Volume Time Weight 4.1: Two Types of Random Variables McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  7. The probability distribution of adiscrete random variable is a graph, table or formula that specifies the probability associated with each possible outcome the random variable can assume. p(x)≥ 0 for all values of x p(x) = 1 4.2: Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  8. 4.2: Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables • Say a random variable x follows this pattern: p(x) = (.3)(.7)x-1 for x > 0. • This table gives the probabilities (rounded to two digits) for x between 1 and 10. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  9. 4.3: Expected Values of Discrete Random Variables • The mean, or expected value,of a discrete random variable is McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  10. 4.3: Expected Values of Discrete Random Variables • The variance of a discrete random variablex is • The standard deviation of a discrete random variable x is McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  11. 4.3: Expected Values of Discrete Random Variables McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  12. 4.3: Expected Values of Discrete Random Variables • In a roulette wheel in a U.S. casino, a $1 bet on “even” wins $1 if the ball falls on an even number (same for “odd,” or “red,” or “black”). • The odds of winning this bet are 47.37% On average, bettors lose about a nickel for each dollar they put down on a bet like this. (These are the best bets for patrons.) McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  13. 4.4: The Binomial Distribution • A Binomial Random Variable • n identical trials • Two outcomes: Success or Failure • P(S) = p; P(F) = q = 1 – p • Trials are independent • x is the number of Successes in n trials McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  14. A Binomial Random Variable n identical trials Two outcomes: Success or Failure P(S) = p; P(F) = q = 1 – p Trials are independent x is the number of S’s in n trials Flip a coin 3 times Outcomes are Heads or Tails P(H) = .5; P(F) = 1-.5 = .5 A head on flip i doesn’t change P(H) of flip i + 1 4.4: The Binomial Distribution McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  15. 4.4: The Binomial Distribution McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  16. 4.4: The Binomial Distribution • The Binomial Probability Distribution • p = P(S) on a single trial • q = 1 – p • n = number of trials • x = number of successes McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  17. 4.4: The Binomial Distribution • The Binomial Probability Distribution The probability of getting the required number of successes The probability of getting the required number of failures The number of ways of getting the desired results McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  18. 4.4: The Binomial Distribution • Say 40% of the class is female. • What is the probability that 6 of the first 10 students walking in will be female? McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  19. 4.4: The Binomial Distribution Mean Variance Standard Deviation • A Binomial Random Variable has McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  20. 4.4: The Binomial Distribution • For 1,000 coin flips, The actual probability of getting exactly 500 heads out of 1000 flips is just over 2.5%, but the probability of getting between 484 and 516 heads (that is, within one standard deviation of the mean) is about 68%. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  21. 4.5: The Poisson Distribution • Evaluates the probability of a (usually small) number of occurrences out of many opportunities in a … • Period of time • Area • Volume • Weight • Distance • Other units of measurement McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  22. 4.5: The Poisson Distribution •  = mean number of occurrences in the given unit of time, area, volume, etc. • e = 2.71828…. • µ =  • 2 =  McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  23. 4.5: The Poisson Distribution • Say in a given stream there are an average of 3 striped trout per 100 yards. What is the probability of seeing 5 striped trout in the next 100 yards, assuming a Poisson distribution? McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  24. 4.5: The Poisson Distribution • How about in the next 50 yards, assuming a Poisson distribution? • Since the distance is only half as long,  is only half as large. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  25. 4.6: The Hypergeometric Distribution • In the binomial situation, each trial was independent. • Drawing cards from a deck and replacing the drawn card each time • If the card is not replaced, each trial depends on the previous trial(s). • The hypergeometric distribution can be used in this case. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  26. 4.6: The Hypergeometric Distribution • Randomly draw n elements from a set of N elements, without replacement. Assume there are r successes and N-r failures in the N elements. • The hypergeometric random variable is the number of successes, x, drawn from the r available in the n selections. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  27. 4.6: The Hypergeometric Distribution where N = the total number of elements r = number of successes in the N elements n = number of elements drawn X = the number of successes in the n elements McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  28. 4.6: The Hypergeometric Distribution McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

  29. 4.6: The Hypergeometric Distribution • Suppose a customer at a pet store wants to buy two hamsters for his daughter, but he wants two males or two females (i.e., he wants only two hamsters in a few months) • If there are ten hamsters, five male and five female, what is the probability of drawing two of the same sex? (With hamsters, it’s virtually a random selection.) McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables

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