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Ancient Greece. importance to Western culturefundamental ideas and categoriesIndividualism and Humanismthe rise of Reasondecline of superstition/religion. Important Precursors. Minoan CreteMycenaean Greece. Minoan Crete. ca. 2900 B.C. to 1450 B.C.contemporary with Egyptmajor, non-river valley
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1. Greek History Complex and sophisticated
motto: all things in moderation
they did nothing in moderation
2. Ancient Greece importance to Western culture
fundamental ideas and categories
Individualism and Humanism
the rise of Reason
decline of superstition/religion
3. Important Precursors Minoan Crete
Mycenaean Greece
4. Minoan Crete ca. 2900 B.C. to 1450 B.C.
contemporary with Egypt
major, non-river valley culture
highly sophisticated
literate
Linear A and Linear B
5. Minoan Crete, con’t surplus agriculture
industry
over-seas commercial trade
6. Minoan Culture elaborate towns and villages
complex religious ideas
sophisticated art
sports and leisure
high status for women
7. Minoan Culture, con’t unwalled cities
no foreign invasions
few weapons
no civil conflict
8. Interpretation? King Minos?
utopia?
matriarchy?
thalassocracy?
9. Contributions to Greeks linguistic
olives, grapes, figs
place names
overseas movement
10. Mycenaeans Bonze Age Greeks
2000-1100 B.C.
small, warrior states
war, trade, piracy
literate (Linear B)
11. Mycenaeans, con’t the Heroic Age
the Age of Myth
the development of Greek Religion
beginnings of a common culture
12. The Dark Ages the Dorian Invasion ?
loss of literacy
loss of political sophistication
13. The Archaic Period ca. 850 B.C.
beginning of classical Greek history
foundations of Western culture
14. The Polis the city-state
city and dependent territory
independence of each city
warfare and rivalry
15. The Ethnos Greek tribal structures
villages
common cult centers
fringes of the Greek world
16. Rise of Literacy the alphabet
Homer
the Iliad, the Odyssey
Hesiod
Works and Days, the Theogony
Lyric poetry
Sappho
17. Age of Colonization ca. 750-650 B.C.
Spain to Russia
spread of Greek culture
contact with foreign peoples
18. Varieties of Constitutions Plato, Aristotle, Polybius
based on observation of types in Greece
thought of organically
three Good types, three Bad types
the anacyclosis
19. The Good Ones monarchy (rule by one)
aristocracy (rule by the best)
constitutional government (rule by a body of law)
20. The Bad Ones tyranny (extra-legal rule by one man)
oligarchy (rule by a faction)
democracy (rule by the people, without law)
21. Other forms you name it
socialism, communism, utopianism
egalitarian between genders
etc.
22. Athens and Sparta most available evidence
both are exceptions to the norm
both dominate the Greek world
23. Sparta no colonization, conquest of neighbors
the constitution of Lycurgus
a perpetual military state
all citizens are subordinated to the state
no private property
24. Rise of Tyrants many states moved from monarchy to tyranny
rise of disenfranchised classes ?
rise of a new military form
the Hoplite soldier
25. Athens evolution from monarchy to democracy
aristocracy, with elected rulers
Cylon and Draco
Solon: reform and timocracy
Peisistratus: a tyranny
Cleisthenes: the rise of democracy
26. Cylon attempted tyranny
faction struggle
blood-feuds
need for written law
27. Draco first to write and post the laws
the homicide courts
did not solve social problems
threat of violent revolution
redistribute the land, cancel all debts
28. Enter Solon chosen by all to avoid revolution
new constitution
beginnings of democracy
opened political offices
created protections for the people
29. Peisistratus three attempts a tyranny
the Golden Age of Athens
used his own wealth
not a modern “tyrant”
30. Cleisthenes defeated in “faction fighting”
became a “democrat”
reorganization of all citizens
breakdown of hereditary kinship groups
democracy
31. The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C. Ionian Revolt
invasion of Greece
Marathon
Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea
the defining moment for Western culture
32. The Rise of Athens war of liberation and revenge against Persia
The Delian League
transformation into the Athenian Empire
burden of fighting: Athens
burden of cost: the Allies
the Periclean Age
33. The Peloponnesian War Sparta and her Allies
Athens and her Allies
devastated Classical Greece
devastated both Sparta and Athens
34. The Fourth Century power vacuums, struggle for hegemony
Thebes
Federal leagues
military monarchies
Thessaly
Macedonia
35. The Rise of Macedonia Philip of Macedon
Alexander the Great
the turning point of both Ancient and World history
no Alexander, then it’s a very different world
36. Conquests of Alexander the Persian Empire, plus a little extra
rapid spread of Hellenism
the Successor Kingdoms
establishment of a permanent link
The West to China
never closed
37. Greek Culture and Civilization foundations of Western thought
asked the important questions for the first time
gave the answers--that made sense--for the first time
38. Greek Religion Homer
Hesiod
polytheistic
civic
tolerant
39. Greek Religion, con’t fully humanized gods
deorum pax
not concerned with morality
no regular priests or clergy
no “church and state”
40. Greek Religion, con’t civic cults
private cults
mystery cults
oracles
atheists
41. Philosophy some people were not satisfied by “religion”
but were not inclined to turn to non-civic cults
answers the “Big Questions”
deals with areas not covered by religion
42. Philosophy love of wisdom
search for causes
search for why things happen
application of reason and demonstration
43. The Pre-Socratics: Natural Sciences Thales: founder of philosophy
Xenophanes: the One
Empedocles: transmigration of souls
Heraclitus: the dialectic
Leucippus and Democritus: biological evolution and atomic theory
and so forth…..
44. The Sophists Man is the measure of all things.
interest in human activities
45. Socrates the turning point
movement toward ethics, metaphysics, etc.
away from natural sciences
“What is necessary to live the virtuous life?”
Goodness innate in the human mind
46. Plato taught in the dialogue form
concerned with how one acquires knowledge
chief concern: ethics
important for early Christian theology
47. Aristotle primary concern: everything
organization of human knowledge
division of learn into fields and subfields
important for medieval Christianity
48. Stoics concern with ethics, logic, and physics
cyclic universe
important for early Christianity
49. Other Important Schools Cynics
Skeptics
Epicureans