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Exploring Cell Structures and Functions: An Overview of Cell Theory and Organelles

Learn about the fundamental principles of cell theory and explore the diverse structures and functions of cells, including organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, and more.

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Exploring Cell Structures and Functions: An Overview of Cell Theory and Organelles

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  1. The Cell Structures & Functions

  2. What is “Cell Theory”? Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow developed the cell theory in the mid 1800s. • All living things are composed of cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. • All cells come from other living cells.

  3. What is so special about cells? • Cells are the smallest units capable of performing life functions.

  4. Where do cells come from? All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division (mitosis and meiosis).

  5. Basic Types of Cells Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

  6. Prokaryotic • Unicellular organisms • Bacteria • Few internal structures surrounded by membranes Cells Dividing: Bacteria from a Taxi Cab

  7. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plants Animals

  8. “Typical” Animal Cell

  9. Human nerve cells in the medulla oblongata

  10. “Typical” Plant Cell

  11. Cornstalk Cells

  12. Cell Membrane • Outer boundary of the cell made of a double lipid layer containing proteins • Protects, supports and moves materials in and out of the cell • Selectively permeable membrane

  13. Large, oval structure that contains chromosomes • “Control Center” of the cell that directs all of cell’s activities • Found in the center of the cell • “nuc” means center

  14. Chromatin/Chromosomes • Contain DNA (genetic material) and proteins • “Blueprints” of life (instructions for all of an organism’s characteristics) • Found in nucleus

  15. Nucleolus & Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus (Nucleoli) Makes ribosomes Found inside the nucleus Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores) Selectively permeable cell

  16. Cytoplasm • Gel-like material that fills the cell • Holds the organelles

  17. Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) • Network of tubes and membranes that transports materials through the cytoplasm • “Transportation System” of the cell • Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes) • Attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane

  18. Rough E.R. Smooth E.R.

  19. Ribosomes • Small circular granules • Make proteins • Found in cytoplasm or attached to E.R.

  20. Mitochondria • Bean shaped structure that makes energy for cell • “Powerhouse” of the cell • Found in cytoplasm

  21. Mitochondria Mitochondrion

  22. Vacuoles“Storage Tanks” of the cell • Found in cytoplasm • Bubble- shaped structures that store food, water & waste

  23. Vacuole

  24. Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus • Stacks of saclike structures that package and move proteins to other parts of the cell • “Post Office” of the cell • Found in cytoplasm

  25. GOLGI APPARATUS

  26. Lysosome • Usually in Animal Cells • Contains digestive enzymes that destroy bacteria, old cell parts… • Found in cytoplasm

  27. Chloroplast • Only in plant cells • Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) • Perform photosynthesis

  28. http://www.indiana.edu/~istdept/R521/student_workbook.pdf Cell Cartoon Practice

  29. Cell Wall • Only in plant cells • Rigid covering on the outside of the cell membrane that supports & protects the cell • Made of cellulose

  30. Can you name these plant cell parts? A. B. C.

  31. Cell Membrane Rough E.R. Mitochondria Ribosomes Cytoskeleton or Microfilaments Can you name these animal cell parts? #1 #2 #4 #3

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