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Memory systems

Memory systems. Unit objectives Describe the function of memory and differentiate between different types of memory chips Differentiate between different memory packages Test memory with a memory testing application and troubleshoot memory problems. Topic A. Topic A: Memory

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Memory systems

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  1. Memory systems Unit objectives • Describe the function of memory and differentiate between different types of memory chips • Differentiate between different memory packages • Test memory with a memory testing application and troubleshoot memory problems

  2. Topic A • Topic A: Memory • Topic B: Memory packaging • Topic C: Memory troubleshooting

  3. Memory • RAM = Random Access Memory • Working area for data during processing • Having sufficient RAM is critical • Performance • Software support • Quality RAM is critical

  4. Measurement units • Bit • Nibble = 4 bits • Byte = 8 bits • Word = based on CPU • Pentium 4: 32-bit processor : 32 bit word

  5. Larger units • Byte (B) = 8 bits • Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes • Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB = 1,048,576 bytes • Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB = 1,073,741,824 bytes • Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

  6. Memory types • Classify memory as: • Volatile vs. non-volatile • Static vs. dynamic • Asynchronous vs. synchronous

  7. Volatile vs. non-volatile memory

  8. Dynamic vs. static memory • Dynamic (DRAM) • Must be continually refreshed • Inexpensive • Small • Static (SRAM) • Refreshing not required • More expensive • Larger • Faster

  9. Asynchronous and synchronous • Asynchronous • Not synchronized to system clock • Consistent time to access and read data • Synchronous • Synchronized to system clock • Access data and return in one or more clock cycles • SDRAM faster than ADRAM

  10. Memory access types

  11. Access time • Latency • Memory speed • Nanoseconds vs. megahertz • Overall speed • Doesn’t include latency • Doesn’t consider bus speed • Bandwidth

  12. Speed ratings

  13. Activity A-1 Identifying memory characteristics

  14. Topic B • Topic A: Memory • Topic B: Memory packaging • Topic C: Memory troubleshooting

  15. Packaging • Individual chips • Package • Memory chips • Connecting wires • Support chips • Pins or edge contacts

  16. Individual chips

  17. SIMM

  18. Package types

  19. Memory error recovery • Parity—detects an error • ECC—detects and corrects an error • Desktop memory—no parity or ECC • Server memory—often includes parity or ECC

  20. Parity 8 chips, no parity 9 chips, supportsparity

  21. Activity B-1 Comparing RAM packaging

  22. Topic C • Topic A: Memory • Topic B: Memory packaging • Topic C: Memory troubleshooting

  23. Task Manager • Windows GUI utility • Provides information on currently running processes • Version available on all Windows operating systems • Windows 9x/Me Program List • Windows NT/2000/XP Task Manager

  24. Performance tab indicators • CPU Usage • CPU Usage History • PF Usage • Page File Usage History • Totals • Physical Memory (K) • Commit Charge (K) • Kernel Memory (K) • Summary data

  25. The Performance tab

  26. Activity C-1 Monitoring memory usage

  27. Activity C-2 Adjusting the Windows page file size

  28. Memory symptoms • 201 BIOS error code at boot time • Parity error message • Computer randomly freezes or crashes • Wrong amount of memory reported by the BIOS • Windows reports General Protection Fault, Page Fault, or Exception errors • Random crashes, corrupted data, strange application behavior

  29. Activity C-3 Troubleshooting memory

  30. Unit summary • Described the function of memory and differentiated between different types of memory chips • Differentiated between different memory packages • Tested memory with a memory testing application and resolved memory problems

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