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Cancer: The Role of the Cell Cycle & Genomics

Explore the relationship between the cell cycle, genomics, and cancer. Learn about genetic mutations, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and the nature of cancer. Discover the steps of oncogenesis, tumor classification, and diagnostic tests for cancer.

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Cancer: The Role of the Cell Cycle & Genomics

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  1. Cancer: The Role of the Cell Cycle & Genomics

  2. Genes & Evolution Recap • Review of Evolutionary Processes: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/myths-and-misconceptions-about-evolution-alex-gendler • Genetic Mutations and Disease • http://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-when-your-dna-is-damaged-monica-menesini

  3. Proliferation vs. Differentiation Differentiation Proliferation

  4. Stem Cell Types http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/scintro/

  5. Somatic Stem Cells • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/sctypes/

  6. Proto-oncogenes • = normal genes that code for normal proteins used in cell division • Growth factors • Growth factor receptors • G proteins • Enzymes that produce second messengers • Genes that turn production of these proteins on & off

  7. Oncogenes • Oncogenes = mutated proto-oncogenes  still code for proteins needed for cell division • But they might produce • Too much of the protein • An abnormal protein • Protein that turns on all by itself • Protein that is made when it is not needed • Protein that cannot turn cell division off • Protein that should be made by a different cell

  8. Tumor Suppressor Genes = a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When this gene mutates to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer, usually in combination with other genetic changes. Video: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-cancer-gene-we-all-have-michael-windelspecht

  9. THINK/PAIR/SHARE – 10 minutes • What is the cell cycle? • Can you list the steps? • How is it related to cancer?

  10. Cell Cycle Activity • http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/eukaryotic-cell-cycle-and-cancer

  11. Cancer & the Cell Cycle • The eukaryotic cell cycle is a sequence of events that culminate in cell division. • The cell cycle events are regulated by various checkpoint proteins, which either stimulate or inhibit cell division until conditions are right to proceed to the next phase. • When a cell specializes (or differentiates), it generally stops dividing and "exits" the cell cycle. Once differentiated, some cells can divide again. • Cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells, which results from an improperly regulated cell cycle.

  12. Cancer as a Genetic Disease • http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cancer-genetic-disease-video-highlights

  13. What is cancer? • Neoplasm= new abnormal growth = tumor  due to aberrant cell growth • Do not wait for signals that new tissue is needed • Ignore signals to stop dividing • Often do not differentiate • Loss of apoptosis • Carcinogenesis = production or origination of cancer cells

  14. Summary Videos • How do cancer cells act differently: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-cancer-cells-behave-differently-from-healthy-ones-george-zaidan

  15. Steps of Oncogenesis 1. 2. 3.

  16. Metastasis • Cells in a primary tumor develop ability to escape & enter bloodstream • Imagine you were a cancer cell. What abilities would you need to survive in the tumor? • What abilities would you need to metastasize? • Relationship to dysplasia? • Video: How Does Cancer Spread?: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-cancer-spread-through-the-body-ivan-seah-yu-jun

  17. Tumor Classification • Benign • Similar to cell of origin • look like normal tissue cells • May perform normal function (like secreting hormones)  oversecretion • Do not usually metastasize • usually encapsulated • Compress locally • Slow growth rate • Seldom reoccur after removal • Malignant • Dissimilar to cell of original • Undifferentiated cells that divide rapidly • Cells mutate faster & can change type • Do not have clear boundaries  sends “legs” out into surrounding tissue • Do not perform normal functions • May secrete hormones associated with other tissues • Necrosis & ulceration common • Seldom encapsulated • Metastastic

  18. The Nature of Cancer • http://media.hhmi.org/hl/03Lect1.html?_ga=1.18733113.1054808674.1468863809

  19. Carcinogens • = substances that induce neoplastic growth • 3 types • Chemicals  tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust, insecticides, drugs/therapeutic agents (dosage-dependent) • Physical  ionizing radiation (sun, x-rays, radioactive elements) • Viral  viruses alter genome • Some are oncogenic  Epstein-Barr & HPV • Also consider role played by lifestyle

  20. Risk Factors • Air pollution • Tobacco & alcohol • Occupation • Radiation • Sexual practices • Diet • Age • Genetics

  21. Cancer Treatment • Surgery • Radiation Therapy • Chemotherapy • Hormone & Antihormone Therapy • Biotherapy

  22. Diagnostic Tests • MRI, PET, or CT scans • Screening tests • Endoscopy • Ultrasonography

  23. Clinical Manifestations of Cancer • Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome

  24. Nomenclature of Neoplams • Based on its behavior & growth • Benign  add “oma” at end for connective tissue origin • Malignant  • add “sarcoma” for connective tissue origin • Add “adenosarcoma” for glandular origin • Based on cell of origin • Prefix  cell of origin • Suffice  denotes whether benign or malignant

  25. Nomenclature Examples Cells of originBehavior of growth Benign Malignant Adipose lipoma liposarcoma Bone cells osteoma osteosarcoma Blood vessels hemangioma hemangiosarcoma Fibrous tissues fibroma fibrosarcoma

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