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Suprasegmentals

Phonology. Suprasegmentals. GTNY task. “I suppose I could do that.”. Interesting _________________ boring Brave _________________ cowardly Kind _________________ cruel Friendly _________________ unfriendly Old _________________ young Pitch – speed – accent

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Suprasegmentals

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  1. Phonology Suprasegmentals

  2. GTNY task.

  3. “I suppose I could do that.” Interesting _________________ boring Brave _________________ cowardly Kind _________________ cruel Friendly _________________ unfriendly Old _________________ young Pitch – speed – accent You changed how you sound in English!

  4. Varieties, Dialects, Accents • Distinctions within the code of a language in general are called varieties. • Regional varieties which differ from the common core with respect to syntax, lexicon, morphology and phonology are called dialects. • Regional and/or social varieties which only differ with respect to phonology have been termed accents.

  5. Pronunciation • Pronunciation is a means to negotiate meaning in discourse. We can define pronunciation in general terms as the production of significant sound in two senses.(?) • In this presentation, particular predominance is given to communicative aspect of pronunciation. • What you need to know is not necessarily what your learners need to learn.

  6. Classifying speech units • In linguistics (specifically, phonetics and phonology), the term segment may be defined as "any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech."Segments are called "discrete" because they are separate and individual, such as consonants and vowels, and occur in a distinct temporal order. • Other units, such as tone, stress, and sometimes secondary articulations such as nasalization, may coexist with multiple segments and cannot be discretely ordered with them. These elements are termed suprasegmental.

  7. Suprasegmentals • Stress • Intonation • Features of connected speech

  8. Stress • Word stress • Primary/secondary stress • Sentence stress • Weak forms • Stress shift

  9. What word stress is: • A stressed syllable combines five features: • It is l-o-n-g-e-r - com p-u-ter • It is LOUDER - comPUTer • It has a change in pitch The pitch of a stressed syllable is usually higher. • It is said more clearly -The vowel sound is purer. • It uses larger facial movements - Look in the mirror when you say the word. Look at your jaw and lips in particular.

  10. Primary/secondary stress • In all English words with two or more syllables, one of them has a stress. Some word with three and all words with four or more syllables have both a primary and a secondary stress association

  11. Sentence stress The monkey ate the green banana. The monkey ate the green banana. Change in sentence stress can dramatically change the meaning or connotations of what is being said. Content words are normally stressed in sentences.

  12. Content words Nouns e.g. kitchen, Peter (most) principal verbs e.g. visit, construct Adjectives e.g. beautiful, interesting Adverbs e.g. often, carefully • Function words Determiners e.g. the, a, some, a few Auxiliary verbs e.g. don't, am, can, were Prepositions e.g. before, next to, opposite Conjunctions e.g. but, while, as Pronouns e.g. they, she, us

  13. Our school is the BEST in town. The teachers are friendly, and VERY KNOWLEDGEABLE about English. I've studied at the school for two years and my English is becoming VERY GOOD. I hope you will visit our school and try an English class. MAYBE we can become FRIENDS!

  14. Weak forms English has a tendency to make the vowel sounds in non-stressed syllables weak. This means they are articulated weaker and more neutral.

  15. Stress shift • When certain adjectives or nouns with three or more syllables occur before a noun in the normal flow of speech,their primary stress shifts back to the beginning of the word. She is Japanese. Vs. The Japanese electronics industry…

  16. Stress-timed vsSyllabule-times • The beautiful Mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.(14) • He can come on Sundays as long as he doesn't have to do any homework in the evening.(22) Namely, English is considered a stressed language while many other languages are considered syllabic.

  17. Intonation The phenomenon of rising and falling in pitch across an utterance. • Attitudinal intonation I’m really interested in that. • Grammatical intonation How are you? Are you hungary

  18. Features of connected speech This is an umbrella term for all the different things that can happen when we combine individual sounds together into any stream o speech. • Consonant clusters • Linking • Merging • Intrusion • Elision • assimilation

  19. To be continued!

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