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BIO 211 Chapter 27

BIO 211 Chapter 27. Beth Wyatt. PROTEIN (NITROGEN) BALANCE - Healthy Adult - Protein Anabolism = Protein Catabolism/ Protein Intake (in Foods) = Protein Lost (Urine, Feces, Sweat). PROTEIN (NITROGEN) IMBALANCE 1) NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE

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BIO 211 Chapter 27

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  1. BIO 211Chapter 27 Beth Wyatt

  2. PROTEIN (NITROGEN) BALANCE - Healthy Adult - Protein Anabolism = Protein Catabolism/ Protein Intake (in Foods) = Protein Lost (Urine, Feces, Sweat)

  3. PROTEIN (NITROGEN) IMBALANCE 1) NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE - Protein Catabolism >Protein Anabolism/ Protein Loss from Body > Protein Intake - Ex: Protein Poor Diet, Starvation, Illness w Tissue Wasting 2) POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE - Protein Anabolism > Protein Catabolism/ Protein Intake > Protein Loss from Body - Ex: Growth, Pregnancy

  4. CONTROL OF PROTEIN METABOLISM 1) PROTEIN ANABOLIC HORMONES - Growth Hormone - Testosterone 2) PROTEIN CATABOLIC HORMONES - ACTH and Glucocorticords: Stimulate Gluconeogenesis

  5. VITAMINS AND MINERALS - VITAMINS: Organic Compounds - MINERALS: Inorganic Compounds - MAJOR FUNCTION OF BOTH - Help Enzymes Function Properly (Nonprotein Portion of Enzymes) - ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS - Ca, P: Bone Formation - Ca: Muscle Contraction, Blood Coag - Fe: Hemoglobin Formation - Na, K, Ca: NI Transmission

  6. METABOLIC RATES - DEFINITION - Rate of Catabolism/Energy Release in a Given Period - HOW EXPRESSED (Measured) - Kilocalories (Kcals) - Energy Unit - 2 KINDS OF METABOLIC RATES 1) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) 2) Total Metabolic Rate (TMR)

  7. BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR) - DEFINITION - Rate of Catabolism/Energy Released/ Kcals Burned Under Basal Conditions - BASAL CONDITIONS - Individual is: a) Awake but Resting b) Postabsorptive 12-18 Hours c) Comfortably Warm - Used to Create Standard for Comparison

  8. TOTAL METABOLIC RATE - DEFINITION - Rate of Catabolism/Energy Released/ Kcals Burned Under Normal Waking Conditions - Difficult to Determine B/C Most of Its Factors Vary From Day to Day

  9. ENERGY BALANCE - Energy Input (Kcals In/ Foods) = Energy Output (Kcals Burned in TMR) in a Given Period - Relationship to Body Weight 1) If Energy Input = Energy Output (Energy Balance Maintained)  Body Weight Remains Constant 2) If Energy Input > Energy Output  Body Weight Increases 3) If Energy Input < Energy Output  Body Weight Decreases

  10. Energy Balance Problem • Mr A consumes 3000kcals/day and burns 2500 kcals/day. Calculate the amount of weight he will gain over the course of a week.

  11. Solution • 3500 kcals = 1 lb adipose tissue • Determine the difference in kcals/day. Note whether intake or output is greater – indicates weight gain or weight loss 3000 kcals – 2500 kcals = 500 kcals

  12. Solution (cont.) • Set up the ratio (500 kcals excess in 1 day = x kcals in 7 days 500kcals/day = x kcals/7 days • Solve for x x = 3500 kcals (1 lb)

  13. Weight Reduction • Accomplished by: 1) Decreasing Input 2) Increasing Output *Both in Moderation!

  14. DO NOT: • Severely Restrict Input • Decreases BMR (Cells Perceive as “Famine”) • Muscle Metabolized (Esp. Females) • Results in Weight Gain after Restriction (Cells Hoard and Prepare for Next Famine)

  15. DO • Decrease Input and Increase Output Both in Moderation (Exercise Increases BMR, Weights Increase Muscle) • Ingest All Nutrient Types • Eat Several Small Meals/Day

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